NUR-6501N-45 Advanced Pathophysiology – Unlock Advanced Insights into Human Pathology

Introduction

The NURS-6501N-45 Advanced Pathophysiology course empowers nursing students to master the biological and physiological foundations of human diseases. Through Owlisdom Nursing Coursework Help, learners access expert guidance and evidence-based resources to deepen clinical understanding. Strengthen your diagnostic and analytical skills to excel in advanced nursing practice.

NURS 6501N 45 WEEK ONE DISCUSSION: ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES

Instructions for NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion

ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES

At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.

Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and describe the cells that are involved and potential alterations, and impacts. 

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 1

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

• The role genetics plays in the disease.
• Why is the patient presenting with the specific symptoms described?
• The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario, and why you think this response occurred.
• The cells that are involved in this process.
• How would another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) change your response?

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.

Introduction to NURS 6501 Week One Discussion

In Owlisdom, the field of advanced pathophysiology, understanding the intricate details of disease processes at the cellular level is paramount for effective diagnosis and treatment. The NURS 6053 Module One Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue involves analyzing a case study to identify a specific disease, understanding its genetic basis, the cellular mechanisms involved, and the physiologic responses observed. As an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this knowledge is crucial for educating patients and guiding them through their treatment plans. This How-To Guide provides a step-by-step approach to completing the assignment effectively.

The role genetics plays in the disease.

Identifying the Disease

To start the NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes. We will select a case study related to Cystic Fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease and discuss the role of genetics in the disease.

• Carefully read the case study to identify key symptoms and signs presented by the patient. Use these clues to hypothesize the most likely disease. 
• Refer to pathophysiology textbooks and reliable medical sources to support your identification.

• Research the genetic factors associated with the identified disease. 
• Explain how genetic mutations or hereditary patterns contribute to the disease’s development. 

Example

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a critical autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene (Férec & Scotet, 2020). This case study examines a 25-year-old male who has been managing this condition since being diagnosed at age three. The CFTR gene mutation leads to defective chloride ion transport across epithelial cells, resulting in the production of thick, viscous mucus. This abnormal mucus production significantly impacts both the respiratory and digestive systems.

Why is the patient presenting with the specific symptoms described?

Explanation of Symptoms

In this Section NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes. We will explain the symptoms of the patient.

• Describe why the patient is experiencing the specific symptoms mentioned in the case study. 
• Link these symptoms to the pathophysiological changes occurring in the body due to the disease.

Example

The patient’s chronic cough, frequent lung infections, and difficulty breathing are direct consequences of this thick mucus obstructing the airways. The obstruction facilitates bacterial colonization and persistent infections, contributing to the patient’s respiratory complications. Additionally, the thick mucus blocks the pancreatic ducts, preventing essential digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, which leads to malnutrition despite adequate caloric intake.

On a cellular level, the dysfunction occurs in the epithelial cells lining the respiratory and digestive tracts (López-Valdez et al., 2021). Due to the defective CFTR protein, these cells are unable to maintain proper ion and water balance, resulting in the characteristic mucus abnormalities of CF. This cellular dysfunction underscores the importance of understanding pathophysiology at a molecular level to develop effective treatments.

The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario, and why you think this response occurred.

Physiologic Response to the Stimulus

Here NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes. We will discuss the physiologic response to the stimulus of the disease.

• Analyze the physiological response triggered by the disease. 
• Explain the body’s response mechanism to the disease stimulus and why this particular response occurs. 

Example

Genetic counseling for the patient’s family is also crucial. Cystic fibrosis follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning that each parent carries one mutated CFTR gene copy (Férec & Scotet, 2020). This information is vital for family planning and understanding the risks for future offspring. Siblings and other relatives may also benefit from genetic testing to determine their carrier status, allowing for informed health decisions and potential early intervention.

Understanding the intricate genetic, cellular, and physiological mechanisms underlying cystic fibrosis is essential for advancing treatment and patient care. This case highlights the critical role of genetics in disease manifestation and the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing complex genetic disorders. By addressing these factors, healthcare providers can offer better support and targeted therapies for individuals living with cystic fibrosis.

The cells that are involved in this process. How would another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) change your response?

Cellular Involvement

In this section of the NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes. We will explore cellular involvement.

• Identify the types of cells affected by the disease. 
• Describe the alterations in these cells’ functions and structures due to the disease. 
• Provide detailed explanations supported by cellular biology principles.
• Consider how other factors, such as gender or additional genetic traits, could alter the disease presentation or progression. 
• Explain how these characteristics influence the physiological responses and overall disease process.

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.

Peer Responses

According to the instructions of NURS 6501N 45 Week One Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes, we are supposed to write two peer responses. I have addressed the given instructions in one response. Following these instructions, you can write your peer responses to the Week One 3 Discussion without a hassle.

• When agreeing with a colleague’s assessment, provide additional evidence or examples that support their explanation. Highlight the strengths of their analysis and how it aligns with pathophysiological principles.
• If you disagree with a colleague’s assessment, do so respectfully and provide a well-reasoned explanation. Use scientific evidence to back up your perspective and clarify any misconceptions.
• Whether agreeing or disagreeing, always base your responses on current scientific literature and evidence. This ensures that your arguments are credible and informative.

Response 01

Hey Ben, great post! I completely agree with your comprehensive analysis of cystic fibrosis (CF) and its pathophysiological basis. Your explanation of the CFTR gene mutation and its impact on epithelial cell function is spot on. Studies have shown that thick mucus production in CF patients significantly increases the risk of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, which aligns with the patient’s symptoms you described (Elborn, 2016). Additionally, your emphasis on the importance of genetic counseling is crucial, as understanding carrier status can guide family planning and early interventions, potentially improving outcomes for future generations. Your insights are well-supported and reflect a deep understanding of CF pathophysiology.

Response 02

Responding to peers is one of the vital parts of the NURS 6501N 45 Discussion posts. We need to provide at least two peer responses. I have provided one example post. You can write your peer responses by keeping the above points in mind.

Closing

Completing the Guide NURS 6501N 45. Week One requires a thorough understanding of pathophysiological processes and their genetic and cellular foundations. By systematically addressing each component—identifying the disease, explaining genetic roles, analyzing symptoms and physiological responses, and considering additional characteristics—you will be well-equipped to provide a comprehensive analysis. Remember, the key takeaway is the importance of understanding the detailed mechanisms of diseases to enhance patient care and treatment outcomes. In the next module of NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

References

Férec, C., & Scotet, V. (2020). Genetics of cystic fibrosis: Basics. Archives de Pédiatrie, 27, eS4–eS7.

López-Valdez, J. A., Aguilar-Alonso, L. A., Gándara-Quezada, V., Ruiz-Rico, G. E., Ávila-Soledad, J. M., Reyes, A. A., & Pedroza-Jiménez, F. D. (2021). Cystic fibrosis: Current concepts. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 78(6), 584–596.

NURS-6501N WEEK TWO ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

Instructions for NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

Week 2: Assignment 2: Case Study Analysis Assignment

Scenario: A 42-year-old female presents to the clinic with a chief complaint of increased fatigue and joint pain worsening over the last few weeks. Her past medical history includes similar episodes with a prior ESR of 56 mm/hr and a negative ANA. She reports that she has had some episodes of chills, but hasn’t taken her temperature. The patient reports that she takes ibuprofen for the pain, which partially relieves her symptoms. The pain is sometimes worse in the morning but also occurs throughout the day. Her blood pressure is 124/78, heart rate 74, and temperature 100°F. 

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

• Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
• Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
• Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templatesLinks to an external site. Links to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Introduction to NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis

The NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis involves examining a patient’s case, identifying underlying genetic factors, and explaining the process and impact of immunosuppression on body systems. The Owlisdom structured approach ensures a thorough understanding and accurate diagnosis, aiding in effective patient education and treatment planning. This Owlisdom How-To Guide is designed to assist you in conducting a comprehensive case study analysis in Advanced Pathophysiology.

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

Patient’s Symptoms

To start the NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis, we will thoroughly analyze the patient’s symptoms in the case study.

• List the patient’s symptoms: increased fatigue, joint pain, chills, and intermittent fever. Note the specifics of each symptom, such as the timing, intensity, and any alleviating factors.
• Assess the patient’s history of similar episodes and previous test results (e.g., ESR of 56 mm/hr, negative ANA) to identify patterns or recurring issues.
• Consider differential diagnoses based on the symptoms presented. For example, evaluate the likelihood of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, or infections.
• Use clinical knowledge and resources to match symptoms with potential diseases, considering the patient’s medical history and current presentation.

Patient’s Symptoms

The patient, a 42-year-old female, presents with increased fatigue, joint pain, chills, and intermittent fever. These symptoms have been worsening over the past few weeks. Specifically, the joint pain is more intense in the morning but persists throughout the day, partially relieved by ibuprofen. The patient’s temperature at the clinic is 100°F, indicating a mild fever. Additionally, she reports episodes of chills, but has not measured her temperature during these episodes. Her medical history reveals similar episodes, marked by an elevated ESR of 56 mm/hr and a negative ANA test.

Analyzing these symptoms and historical data is critical. The high ESR indicates chronic inflammation, while the negative ANA test helps rule out certain autoimmune diseases like lupus, but does not exclude others. The morning stiffness pattern and pain alleviation with ibuprofen suggest an inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The fatigue and intermittent fever might also be related to chronic inflammatory or autoimmune processes. Given these factors, it is essential to consider differential diagnoses, including autoimmune disorders (like RA), inflammatory conditions, and chronic infections such as Lyme disease or viral infections.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

Identifying Genetic Factors

Next NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis, we will identify the genetic factors.

• Investigate genes commonly associated with the suspected conditions. Focus on those linked to autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and genetic predispositions.
• Utilize databases and recent research studies to identify key genes (e.g., HLA-DRB1 for rheumatoid arthritis) that might be implicated in the patient’s condition.
• Explain how the identified genes contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Describe the genetic mutations or variations that can lead to altered cellular processes.
• Provide evidence from scientific literature to support the connection between the genetic factors and the patient’s symptoms.

Identifying Genetic Factors

Specific genes are often implicated in autoimmune diseases like RA (Padyukov, 2022). For instance, the HLA-DRB1 gene is strongly associated with RA (Wysocki et al., 2020). Variations in this gene can predispose individuals to developing the disease by affecting how the immune system recognizes self-versus non-self-antigens. Additionally, genes involved in inflammatory responses, such as TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and IL6 (interleukin 6), play significant roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Hirano, 2021).

Researching these genetic factors involves exploring databases and recent studies. The HLA-DRB1 gene, for example, has been extensively studied and is known to be linked with an increased risk of RA (Wysocki et al., 2020). Similarly, elevated levels of TNF and IL6 are observed in various inflammatory conditions, contributing to the disease’s progression. These genes influence the immune response, leading to chronic inflammation and joint damage in conditions like RA. Scientific literature supports these connections, showing that individuals with certain HLA-DRB1 alleles are more prone to developing RA and that TNF and IL6 play crucial roles in the inflammatory process (Wysocki et al., 2020).

Please explain the process of immunosuppression and its effect on body systems.

Explaining Immunosuppression

Now, we will explain immunosuppression in NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis.

• Define immunosuppression and its relevance to the patient’s condition. Discuss the mechanisms by which the immune system can be weakened or suppressed.
• Highlight how immunosuppression can result from genetic factors, medications, or underlying diseases.
• Describe the systemic impact of immunosuppression on the body. Discuss how it can affect various organs and systems, increasing susceptibility to infections and other complications.

Explaining Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression refers to a reduction in the immune system’s efficacy (Isaacs & Burmester, 2020). Genetic factors, medications, or underlying diseases can cause it. For instance, certain genetic mutations can lead to primary immunodeficiencies, while medications like corticosteroids or biologics used in autoimmune diseases can suppress the immune system. Additionally, diseases such as HIV/AIDS directly attack and weaken the immune system, leading to immunosuppression (Obeagu & Obeagu, 2024).

The systemic impact of immunosuppression is profound. It increases the risk of infections due to a weakened immune response. It can affect various organs, leading to complications such as opportunistic infections, delayed wound healing, and increased cancer risk. In the context of the patient’s symptoms, intermittent fever and chills might indicate an underlying immunosuppressed state or chronic inflammation. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for tailoring treatment strategies and balancing the need for immunosuppression in autoimmune conditions with the risk of infections.

Closing

NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Assignment: Case Study Analysis. Case study analysis in Advanced Pathophysiology requires a systematic approach to understanding the patient’s symptoms, identifying genetic factors, and explaining immunosuppression. Following this How-To Guide, you can develop a comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms and their implications for patient health. The key takeaway is integrating clinical knowledge with genetic insights to enhance diagnosis and treatment strategies: next week, NURS-6501 WEEK TWO QUIZ: Altered Physiology. We will discuss the Concepts of Cardiovascular Disorders.

References

Hirano, T. (2021). IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. International Immunology, 33(3), 127–148.

Isaacs, J. D., & Burmester, G. R. (2020). Smart battles: Immunosuppression versus immunomodulation in the inflammatory RMDs. In Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (Vol. 79, Issue 8, pp. 991–993). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Obeagu, E. I., & Obeagu, G. U. (2024). Immunodeficiency and Immune Reconstitution in Pediatric HIV: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2(3), 62–79.

Padyukov, L. (2022). Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Seminars in Immunopathology, 44(1), 47–62.

Wysocki, T., Olesińska, M., & Paradowska-Gorycka, A. (2020). Current understanding of an emerging role of HLA-DRB1 gene in rheumatoid arthritis–from research to clinical practice. Cells, 9(5), 1127.

NURS-6501N 45 WEEK TWO QUIZ: Altered Physiology

Introduction to NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Quiz: Altered Physiology

NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Quiz: Altered Physiology consists of 10 questions based on the content presented in the Lecturio platform for the week. You should thoroughly review the Lecturio course materials and utilize effective study and test-taking strategies to succeed. This Owlisdom How-To Guide aims to assist students in effectively preparing for and completing the Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Quiz, including the NURS 6501 Week 5 Quiz.

Preparation for the Quiz

I will provide tips and information for preparing the NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Quiz: Altered Physiology. Remembering the points below, you can follow all the Rubric Requirements of the NURS 6501 Quiz Week Two.

• Review Lecturio Content: Review all video lectures, notes, and materials systematically. Take detailed notes and summarize key points to reinforce understanding.
• Identify Key Concepts: Focus on major themes such as cellular changes and systemic responses. Create concept maps to visualize relationships between pathophysiological processes.
• Understand Question Types: Familiarize yourself with different question types (multiple-choice, true/false, case-based). Practice with sample questions or previous quizzes.
• Use Effective Study Techniques: Engage in active learning techniques like flashcards, self-quizzing, and group discussions. Teach the material to peers to enhance comprehension.
• Manage Time Wisely: Allocate specific time per question based on the total quiz time. If a question is difficult, mark it and return later if time permits.
• Review and Reflect: Before submitting the NURS 6501 Week 7 Quiz, review answers for accuracy. For multiple-choice questions, use the process of elimination to narrow down the options. Learn from mistakes by reviewing incorrect answers and maintaining a log of common errors.

Closing

Completing the Advanced Pathophysiology Practice NURS-6501N 45 Week Two Quiz: Altered Physiology requires thorough preparation, effective study strategies, and good time management. Ensure you review key concepts, understand the material, and manage your time well during the quiz to perform at your best. By following this How-To Guide NURS-6501N 45, you can enhance your understanding of pathophysiological concepts and improve your performance on the quiz. The key takeaway is to engage deeply with the course content, practice regularly, and reflect on your learning to improve continuously. The next module of  NURS-6501N 45 will explore the WEEK THREE ACTIVITY: Concepts of Cardiovascular Disorders. 

NURS-6501N 45 WEEK THREE ACTIVITY: Concepts of Cardiovascular Disorders

Instructions for NURS-6501N Week Three Activity

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

In this exercise, you will complete a MindMap Template to gauge your understanding of this week’s content. Select one of the possible topics provided to complete your MindMap Template.

• myocardial infarction
• endocarditis
• myocarditis
• valvular disorders
• lipid panels
• coagulation
• clotting cascade
• deep vein thrombosis
• hypertension
• heart failure

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

Introduction to NURS 6501 Week Three Activity

The Owlisdom, NURS-6501N Week Three Activity: Concepts of Cardiovascular Disorders will enhance your understanding of pathophysiological concepts and clinical findings related to various cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. You will select a specific topic from a provided list and complete a MindMap Template based on the guidelines given. This How-To guide will help you integrate theoretical knowledge with practical clinical insights, focusing on diagnosing and managing the chosen condition.

Pathophysiology & Clinical Findings of the Disease

Analysing Spirometry Results

• Determine whether the spirometry results indicate obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disease. 
• Compare the patient’s results with normal values to identify deviations. Assess the FEV1/FVC ratio, as it is critical in distinguishing between obstructive (low ratio) and restrictive (normal or high ratio) patterns.

Explaining Pathophysiology

• Provide a detailed explanation of the underlying mechanisms of the chosen pulmonary disease. 
• Discuss how these mechanisms lead to the clinical manifestations observed in the patient. Use current literature and textbooks to support your explanation.

Identifying Subjective Findings

• Review the case study to identify at least three subjective symptoms reported by the patient that align with the chosen diagnosis. 
• These could include chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue.

Identifying Objective Findings

• Examine the physical examination and diagnostic test results from the case study. 
• Identify at least three objective signs that support your diagnosis, such as abnormal blood pressure readings, EKG changes, or lab results.

Management of the Disease

Classifying Disease Severity

• Use clinical criteria to determine whether the patient’s condition is stable or unstable. 
• Consider factors like symptom frequency, intensity, and the presence of complications.

Recommending Medication Classes and Examples

• Identify two medication classes recommended by the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) with high evidence (Evidence A). 
• Provide specific drug examples for each class. Ensure the medications are suitable for the patient’s condition and severity.

Describing Mechanisms of Action

• Explain how each medication class works at the physiological level. 
• Describe how these drugs alleviate symptoms or modify the disease process, including effects on cellular or molecular pathways.

Recommending Non-Pharmacological Interventions

• Identify two non-pharmacological interventions supported by high-level evidence (Evidence A). 
• Describe how these interventions can benefit the patient, including lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or dietary modifications.

Closing

By completing the NURS-6501N Week Three Activity: Concepts of Cardiovascular Disorders, you will better understand the pathophysiology and clinical management of common cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. The key takeaways include the ability to analyse diagnostic results, integrate clinical findings with theoretical knowledge, and apply evidence-based management strategies. This How-To Guide solidifies your comprehension of complex pathophysiological processes and enhances clinical decision-making skills. In the next module of NURS-6501N 45 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS.

NURS-6501N 45 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

Instructions for NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

An understanding of the respiratory system is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that oftentimes, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in the respiratory system is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to the patient's health.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following.

• The pulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Week 4: Assignment 2: Case Study Analysis Assignment

Scenario: A 38-year-old female presents to the emergency room with complaints of dyspnea and left leg pain. Patient reports that her left leg started feeling heavy a few days ago and has also been red since she returned from a recent trip. She denies any injury to her leg. She reports that she started having some dyspnea in the last 24 hours. Patient history is remarkable for systemic lupus erythematosus and a history of recent airplane travel. She is also taking oral birth control. Her BP is 130/84, heart rate 100, R 24, and temp is 100.4°F. Physical exam reveals unilateral +2 pitting leg edema to the left leg with erythema.

In your Case Study Analysis, explain the following

• The pulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Please follow the rubric.

 Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 4

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templatesLinks to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Introduction to NURS 6501 Week Four Assignment

In Owlisdom, the NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis, you will analyze a clinical scenario involving a 38-year-old female presenting with dyspnea and left leg pain. The patient has a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and recent aeroplane travel. This How-To Guide will help you systematically approach the assignment by understanding the pulmonary pathophysiologic processes, considering racial and ethnic variables, and analyzing how these processes affect the patient’s symptoms.

The pulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Understanding Pulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes

To start the NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis, we will understand the pulmonary pathophysiologic processes.

• Review the patient’s symptoms: dyspnea and unilateral leg pain with erythema and oedema.
• Understand the significance of each symptom of pulmonary and systemic conditions.

• Consider differential diagnoses such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and infections.
• Use clinical guidelines and evidence-based literature to support your reasoning.

• Explain how each diagnosis could lead to the symptoms presented.
• Discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms (e.g., clot formation, inflammation) underlying the potential conditions.

Example

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems are interdependent, powered by the heart’s dual pumps that circulate oxygenated blood through the body (McCance & Huether, 2019). Normally, these systems function seamlessly. However, when one part fails, it disrupts the entire system.

A 76-year-old female with a history of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) presents with weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral oedema, abdominal swelling, and orthopnea. The patient reports non-compliance with her diuretic regimen.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

Impact of Racial/Ethnic Variables on Physiological Functioning

Next NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis. We will discuss the impact of ethnic and racial variables on the physiological functioning of the patient.

• Determine if the patient’s race or ethnicity is mentioned or can be inferred.
• Identify genetic predispositions, cultural practices, or socioeconomic factors that may impact health.

• Research how the identified variables can influence physiological processes and disease progression.
• Use peer-reviewed articles to support your discussion on these influences.
• Explain how these variables may affect the patient’s presentation and outcomes.
• Discuss potential biases in healthcare that could impact diagnosis and treatment.

Racial/Ethnic Variables

Genetic factors such as cardiomyopathies, sarcomere proteins, and neurohumoral receptors increase the risk of HF (McCance & Huether, 2019). Although heart disease affects all races, African Americans and Hispanics have a higher prevalence of HF than Whites. African American women, in particular, have the highest incidence of HF in the United States (Breathett, 2020). A study by Bahrami (2008) found that African Americans have a significantly higher risk of developing CHF compared to Whites, largely due to higher rates of hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, socioeconomic and behavioural factors contribute to higher CHF morbidity rates among African Americans (Durstenfeld et al., 2016).

Conclusion

Although HF has no cure, adopting a healthy lifestyle—such as quitting smoking, eating well, and exercising—can help prevent its development. Risk factors like obesity, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes play significant roles, but genetic predispositions are also crucial. HF significantly impacts the quality and quantity of life, making prevention and management essential.

How do these processes interact to affect the patient? 

Interaction of Pathophysiologic Processes and Patient Symptoms

For this section of the NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis, we will explore the interaction of the pathophysiologic processes and the patient’s symptoms.

• Combine the information from your analysis of symptoms, diagnoses, and racial/ethnic variables.
• Create a coherent narrative that links these elements together.

• Discuss how the pulmonary and systemic processes interact within the patient’s body.
• Explain the potential for compounding effects or complications due to these interactions.

• Summarise your findings in a logical and evidence-supported manner.
• Ensure your explanation addresses how these interactions affect the patient’s current state.

Pathophysiologic Process Dysfunction, Interaction, and Patient Presentation

Heart failure (HF), as described by Inamdar & Inamdar (2016), is a clinical syndrome caused by structural and functional defects in the heart, leading to impairments in the left ventricular (LV), right ventricular (RV), or both. Hypertension and ischemic heart disease are the leading risk factors for HF. Most HF cases are due to LV dysfunction, though other heart components like the myocardium, valves, and major vessels also play a role (McCance & Huether, 2019). HF is categorised into HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

In HFrEF (systolic dysfunction), the heart’s ejection fraction is less than 40%, leading to insufficient tissue perfusion due to decreased cardiac output, often following myocardial infarctions. Ventricular remodelling, involving inflammatory and immune responses, disrupts the heart’s normal structure, causing progressive dilation and increased preload, worsening HF. Symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, cough with frothy sputum, fatigue, reduced urine output, and oedema due to pulmonary congestion and poor systemic circulation (McCance & Huether, 2019).

HFpEF (diastolic dysfunction) commonly affects older women and involves pulmonary congestion despite normal cardiac output. Major causes include hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy, ischemia, and ventricular remodelling. These changes impact the LV’s compliance and the RV’s relaxation, contributing to pulmonary oedema (McCance & Huether, 2019). In right-sided HF, the RV cannot pump blood effectively into the pulmonary circulation, often due to increased LV filling pressure, leading to RV hypertrophy and eventual failure. This results in symptoms like jugular venous distention, ascites, hepatic congestion, and peripheral oedema. The patient’s symptoms, such as SOB, orthopnea, ascites, weight gain, and peripheral oedema, indicate chronic right-sided HF secondary to left-sided HF, exacerbated by her current condition. Educating the patient about proper diuretic use, salt intake reduction, daily weight monitoring, and record-keeping can help manage her symptoms better.

Closing

The NURS-6501N 45 Week 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis requires a detailed and systematic approach to understanding the complex interactions between pulmonary pathophysiologic processes and the patient’s symptoms, considering the impact of racial and ethnic variables. The key takeaway is the importance of integrating clinical knowledge with patient-specific factors to understand the patient’s condition comprehensively. Following this How-To Guide can produce a thorough and well-supported analysis that reflects advanced pathophysiologic concepts. The upcoming module of NURS-6501N 45 revolves around Concepts of Endocrine Disorders.

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References

Bahrami, H., Kronmal, R., Bluemke, D. A., Olson, J., Shea, S., Liu, K., Burke, G. L., & Lima, J. A. (2008). Differences in the incidence of congestive heart failure by ethnicity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Archives of internal medicine, 168(19), 2138–2145. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.19.2138

Berkowitz, A. (2020). Clinical Pathophysiology Made Ridiculously Simple. Medmaster Inc.

Breathett, K. (2020, October 1). Latest Evidence on Racial Inequities and Biases in Advanced Heart Failure. American College of Cardiology. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/10/01/11/39/latest-evidence-on-racial-inequities-and-biases-in-advanced-hf

Durstenfeld, M., Ogedegbe, O., Katz, S., Park, H., & Blecker, S. (2016, November). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Heart Failure Readmissions and Mortality in a Large Municipal Healthcare System. JACC Heart Failure 4(11): 885–893. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.05.008

Inamdar, A. A. & Inamdar, A. C. (2016). Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilisation, 5(7). doi:10.3390/jcm5070062

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier

NURS-6501N 45 WEEK 6 QUIZ: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

Instructions for NURS-6501N WEEK 6 QUIZ: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

The Owlisdom, NURS-6501N WEEK 6 QUIZ: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders comprises ten questions based on this week’s Lecturio platform content. Following these guidelines, you can approach the quiz systematically, ensuring a thorough understanding and application of the material. This How-To Guide will help you effectively prepare for and complete the Practice Quiz in your Advanced Pathophysiology course.

Preparation for the Practice Quiz

To perform the best in NURS-6501N WEEK 6 QUIZ: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders, remember the points below. These tips will help you score the maximum points according to the NURS 6501 Quiz Rubric.

• Revisit and thoroughly understand this week’s Lecturio materials.
• Highlight the main topics and areas emphasised by the instructor.
• Note essential points from each lecture and summarise them in your own words.
• Understand each quiz question, focusing on keywords and clinical scenarios.
• Determine the central concept or pathology addressed in each question.
• Use your understanding of Lecturio content to answer the questions.
• Allocate specific time per question and avoid spending too long on any question.
• Narrow down answer choices by eliminating incorrect options.
• Support your answers with evidence from Lecturio materials, grounding them in pathophysiological principles.
• Review your quiz answers, identify knowledge gaps, and seek clarification on challenging topics.

Sample Questions

Here, NURS-6501N WEEK 6 QUIZ: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders, I will provide some sample questions and answers. These will help you prepare for the NURS 6501 Week 6 Quiz.

Question 1

Cells that remove bacteria and foreign particles from blood in the hepatic sinusoids are called?

• Selected Answer: Kupffer cells

Question 2

What hormone delays gastric emptying? 

• Selected Answer: secretin and cholecystokinin

Question 3

Bilateral renal calculi can cause what type of acute kidney injury?

• Selected Answer: post-renal

Question 4

A man with a cauda equina involvement in multiple sclerosis became incontinent when his caregiver was late and was not available to assist with the morning catheterisation. He is experiencing what type of incontinence?

• Selected Answer: Overflow incontinence

Question 5

Severe right-sided heart Failure can cause:

• Selected Answer: posthepatic portal hypertension

Question 6

A patient with massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and oedema is experiencing classic symptoms of:

• Selected Answer: Nephrotic syndrome

Question 7

A patient with a sudden onset of oliguria with elevated plasma BUN and plasma creatinine levels is experiencing classic symptoms of:

• Selected Answer: Acute kidney injury

Question 8

A gastric enzyme that digests proteins is called?

• Selected Answer: Pepsin

Question 9

What hormone causes the kidney to secrete hypoxia?

• Selected Answer: erythropoietin

Question 10

What portion of the kidney does filtration occur in? 

• Selected Answer: Glomerulus

Closing

Completing the NURS-6501N Practice Quiz effectively requires thorough preparation, strategic answering, and reflective review. Systematically following this How-To Guide will enhance your understanding of advanced pathophysiological concepts and improve your quiz performance. The key takeaway is integrating your learning from the Lecturio platform with critical thinking and evidence-based justification to excel in your assessments. In the next module of NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis.

NURS-6501N 45 WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis

Instructions for NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

An understanding of the musculoskeletal system is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that this system may have on others. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as racial and ethnic variables can play a role.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to the patient's health.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources. 

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

• The musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Week 8 Assignment

Scenario: A 48-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of low-grade fever, fatigue, headache, and arthritic pain in his knees in the last few weeks. Approximately 8 months ago, he reported that he had a tick bite but did not receive any treatment. He had a small red rash at that time, but was without other symptoms. The patient’s vital signs: His BP is 118/84, pulse is 74, resp 18, regular and non-labored, pulse ox 98%, and temp 98.4F. Physical exam reveals no rashes or abnormal neurological processes. The patient reports tenderness to both knees upon palpation. Diagnostic testing reveals a positive antibody test for B. burgdorferi. Based on this result and exam findings, the patient is given a diagnosis of Lyme disease.

Please do a 1- to 2-page case study analysis related to the scenario provided. Explain the following:

• The musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.
• Please support with at least 5 references

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 8

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templatesLinks to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

SUBMISSION INFORMATION

Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the Turnitin Drafts from the Start Here area. 

1. To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as WK8Assgn2_LastName_Firstinitial.
2. Then, click on Start Assignment near the top of the page.

Next, click on Upload File and select Submit Assignment for review.

Introduction to NURS 6501 Week 7 Assignment

This Owlisdom, NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis aims to guide you through the complex analysis of a clinical case involving a 67-year-old female patient presenting with symptoms indicative of anemia and other health concerns. You will explore various types of anemia, factors affecting fertility, the role of inflammatory markers in STDs/PID, causes of prostatitis, and reasons for splenectomy in patients diagnosed with ITP. This How-To Guide provides structured steps and critical considerations for effectively addressing each assignment component.

Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

Case Scenario Analysis

We will discuss the case to start the NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis.

• Note the pale conjunctiva, beefy red tongue, and mild numbness. Consider pernicious anemia due to the neurological symptoms and tongue changes.
• Microcytic Anemia: Discuss iron deficiency anemia, its pathophysiology, and laboratory findings (low MCV, low serum ferritin).
• Macrocytic Anemia: Explain vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia, pathophysiology, and laboratory findings (high MCV, hypersegmented neutrophils).

Pernicious Anemia

The patient’s symptoms of pale conjunctiva, beefy red tongue, and mild numbness suggest pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is essential for DNA synthesis in red blood cells (Htut et al., 2021). Neurological symptoms, such as numbness and instability, are due to vitamin B12’s role in maintaining myelin, the protective sheath around nerves (Gupta, 2024). Laboratory findings typically include a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and low serum vitamin B12 levels. Additionally, hypersegmented neutrophils can be observed in a peripheral blood smear.

Microcytic Anemia: Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by reduced red blood cell size and hemoglobin content due to inadequate iron availability (Pasricha et al., 2021). This condition often results from chronic blood loss, insufficient dietary iron intake, or increased iron requirements. Pathophysiologically, a lack of iron leads to impaired hemoglobin synthesis, producing smaller (microcytic) and hypochromic red blood cells. Laboratory findings for iron deficiency anemia typically show low MCV, serum ferritin, and serum iron, as well as increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC).

Macrocytic Anemia: Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency Anemia

Macrocytic anemias, including vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemias, are characterized by enlarged red blood cells with a high MCV. Vitamin B12 and folate are crucial for DNA synthesis—a deficiency in either produces large, immature red blood cells (Gupta, 2024). Laboratory findings include elevated MCV, low serum vitamin B12 or folate levels, and hypersegmented neutrophils in the blood smear. Neurological symptoms are more commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.

The factors that affect fertility (STDs).

Factors Affecting Fertility (STDs)

Here NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis, we will explore the factors affecting fertility.

• Discuss how sexually transmitted diseases impact fertility.
• Explain how STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause scarring and blockages in the reproductive tract, leading to infertility.

Factors Affecting Fertility (STDs) Impact of STDs on Fertility

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) significantly impact fertility by causing damage to the reproductive organs. Conditions such as chlamydia and gonorrhea are known to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, hindering the passage of eggs and sperm (Smolarczyk et al., 2021). This can result in ectopic pregnancies or infertility.

Scarring and Blockages from STDs

Chlamydia and gonorrhea can ascend the reproductive tract, causing inflammation and infection in the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries (Smolarczyk et al., 2021). The body’s immune response to these infections can lead to scar tissue and adhesions forming, which block the reproductive organs’ normal function. This scarring prevents the egg from traveling through the fallopian tubes, reducing fertility.

Why do inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID?

Inflammatory Markers in STD/PID

Now NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis, we will discuss inflammatory markers in STD/ PID.

• Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STDs/PID.
• Describe the body’s immune response to infection, including releasing cytokines and acute-phase proteins, leading to elevated inflammatory markers like CRP and ESR.

Inflammatory Markers in STD/PID Rise in Inflammatory Markers

Inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID due to the body’s immune response to infection. When pathogens invade, the immune system releases cytokines and acute-phase proteins to combat the disease (Safrai et al., 2020). This immune response increases inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Immune Response to Infection

The body’s immune response involves activating white blood cells and releasing cytokines, which promote inflammation to isolate and eliminate the pathogen (Safrai et al., 2020). Acute-phase proteins, produced by the liver, increase in response to inflammation. This process leads to elevated CRP and ESR levels, indicating the presence of an inflammatory process in the body.

Why do prostatitis and infection happen? Also, explain the causes of systemic reaction.

Prostatitis and Infection

We will discuss prostatitis and infection for this NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis section.

• Discuss bacterial infections (e.g., E. coli), non-bacterial causes, and contributing factors such as urinary tract infections and immune response.
• Describe symptoms like fever, chills, and fatigue due to the body’s systemic inflammatory response to infection.

Prostatitis and Infection: Causes of Prostatitis

Prostatitis can be caused by bacterial infections, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), or non-bacterial factors like chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Bacterial prostatitis occurs when bacteria from the urinary tract infect the prostate gland. Non-bacterial causes can include autoimmune responses, nerve damage, or stress (Yebes et al., 2023).

Systemic Reactions

Prostatitis can trigger systemic inflammatory responses, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue (Yebes et al., 2023). The body’s reaction to the infection involves the release of inflammatory mediators, which can cause these systemic symptoms as the body attempts to fight off the infection.

Why would a patient need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP?

Splenectomy and ITP

Here, in NURS-6501N WEEK 7 QUIZ: Case study analysis, we will explore why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.

• Discuss why a patient might require a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
• Explain the role of the spleen in platelet destruction in ITP and how splenectomy can reduce platelet destruction and improve platelet counts.

Splenectomy and ITP: Indications for Splenectomy in ITP

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the spleen’s destruction of platelets (Mishra et al., 2021). In some cases, a splenectomy (removal of the spleen) is necessary to manage ITP, mainly when other treatments are ineffective.

Role of the Spleen in Platelet Destruction

The spleen filters blood and removes damaged or old blood cells. In ITP, the spleen mistakenly identifies platelets as foreign and destroys them. A splenectomy reduces the destruction of platelets, leading to an increase in platelet count and improvement in the patient’s symptoms (Mishra et al., 2021).

Closing

Completing the NURS-6501N will give you a comprehensive understanding of anemia, its various forms, and the systemic implications of hematologic disorders. You will enhance their diagnostic and clinical management skills by exploring the factors affecting fertility, the role of inflammatory markers, the causes of prostatitis, and the rationale for splenectomy in ITP. This How-To Guide is crucial for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in providing effective patient care and education. You can also read NURS-6501N's complete modules to ace the course!

References

• Gupta, A. (2024). Megaloblastic Anemia. In A. Gupta (Ed.), Decision Making Through Problem-Based Learning in Hematology: A Step-by-Step Approach in Patients with Anemia (pp. 17–34). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8933-1_2
• Htut, T. W., Thein, K. Z., & Oo, T. H. (2021). Pernicious anemia: Pathophysiology and diagnostic difficulties. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 14(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12435
• Mishra, K., Kumar, S., Sandal, R., Jandial, A., Sahu, K. K., Singh, K., Ahuja, A., Somasundaram, V., Kumar, R., Kapoor, R., Sharma, S., Singh, J., Yanamandra, U., Das, S., Chaterjee, T., Sharma, A., & Nair, V. (2021). Safety and efficacy of splenectomy in immune thrombocytopenia. American Journal of Blood Research, 11(4), 361–372.
• Pasricha, S.-R., Tye-Din, J., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Swinkels, D. W. (2021). Iron deficiency. The Lancet, 397(10270), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32594-0
• Safrai, M., Rottenstreich, A., Shushan, A., Gilad, R., Benshushan, A., & Levin, G. (2020). Risk factors for recurrent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 244, 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.004
• Smolarczyk, K., Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B., Rudnicka, E., Szukiewicz, D., Meczekalski, B., Smolarczyk, R., & Pieta, W. (2021). The Impact of Selected Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Pregnancy and Female Fertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042170
• Yebes, A., Toribio-Vazquez, C., Martinez-Perez, S., Quesada-Olarte, J. M., Rodriguez-Serrano, A., Álvarez-Maestro, M., & Martinez-Piñeiro, L. (2023). Prostatitis: A Review. Current Urology Reports, 24(5), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-023-01150-z