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PSY-4600 – Systems of Psychology: Understanding Historical Foundations and Theoretical Frameworks

Published: 2025-10-13

Modified: 2025-10-13

Samples Solutions

Introduction:

PSY-4600 – Systems of Psychology examines the historical development of psychology and the evolution of major schools of thought. The course explores classical and modern theories that shape contemporary psychological practice. For expert support with theory papers or psychology research assignments, visit Owlisdom’s Psychology Assignment Help.

PSY-4600 1-1 DISCUSSION

Instructions of PSY-4600 1-1 Discussion

This week, you will start with a basic understanding of what anxiety and mood disorders are and what mental disorders each of them includes. You will continue to gain a better understanding of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (5th ed.). You will understand the definition of each set of disorders as well as the approach for the diagnosis, which will help when you cover more specific disorders throughout the rest of the course.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Explain the major psychological theories and principles in the study of anxiety and mood disorders.
Explain the historical link to modern issues and trends in the study of anxiety and mood disorders.
Critically evaluate research studies on anxiety and mood disorders.

Autobiography

Discussion Topic

Due May 28 at 11:59 PM

William, introduce yourself to the class! Your introduction should cover the following details:

Your name
Your location
Your profession
Your work experience
Your expectations from this course and interest in specific aspects of this course
At least two objectives you hope to achieve through this course and the way you will attain these objectives

In addition, provide answers to the following questions:

What are your career goals?
Where would you like to work?
Discuss your current profession and how this course relates to your professional interests or goals.

Post to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Review and comment on the autobiographies of your classmates by the end of the week. Comment on your classmates’ expectations from the course and their areas of interest. The responses should be logical, realistic, and reasonable.

Note: This is a nongraded assignment.

Week 1 Discussion

Discussion Topic

Due May 30 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

Discussion Questions:

The discussion assignment provides a forum to discuss the relevant topics for this week based on the course competencies covered. Make sure to answer all questions by the due date assigned. Provide a detailed response to the topic questions in the Discussion Area. For this assignment, post your responses directly in the Discussion Area. Do not use attached documents.

To support your work, make sure to utilize relevant resources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite all sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between one or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Complete your participation for this assignment by the end of the week.

Introduction:

One of the challenges in defining a particular mental illness or disorder is that there is “the general public definition” and there is “the diagnostic definition.” The first is based on personal or anecdotal observations, and the second is based on scientific research and case studies. The other challenge with defining a particular mental disorder is the threshold when it actually becomes a disorder (i.e., impacting the overall functioning/quality of life of an individual).

Tasks:

Respond to the following questions:

Why do you think there are varying perceptions of mood and/or anxiety disorders, and how do those perceptions impact the person from seeking treatment?
How are disorders such as mood and/or anxiety disorders diagnosed?

Submission Details:

Submit your document to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 1-1 DISCUSSION

The Owlisdom PSY-4600 1-1 Discussions assignment involves exploring the contrasting perceptions and diagnostic processes of mood and anxiety disorders. By examining why there are differing views on these disorders and understanding the clinical criteria for their diagnosis, students will gain insights into the complexities of mental health. The goal is to foster a nuanced understanding that bridges the gap between public perceptions and scientific definitions, helping to promote better mental health awareness and support.

Why do you think there are varying perceptions of mood and/or anxiety disorders?

Varying Perceptions Of Mood And Anxiety Disorders

Discuss the factors that contribute to differing public perceptions of mood and anxiety disorders, such as cultural, social, and media influences.

Example

The varying perceptions of mood and anxiety disorders can be attributed to a confluence of cultural, social, and individual factors that influence public understanding and professional diagnostic criteria. At the societal level, stigma associated with mental health issues can lead to misperceptions and fear, often portraying these disorders as signs of weakness or moral failings rather than medical conditions. These stigmatized views can deter individuals from seeking treatment due to fear of judgment or discrimination. Additionally, the portrayal of mental health disorders in media often lacks nuance, sometimes sensationalizing or trivializing these conditions, which can lead to a distorted public perception that deviates significantly from clinical realities.

How do those perceptions impact the person's decision to seek treatment?

Impact Of Perceptions On Seeking Treatment

Explain how these perceptions can impact individuals’ willingness to seek treatment, including the effects of stigma and misinformation.

Example

Personal and anecdotal observations about mood and anxiety disorders frequently lack the specificity and thorough understanding that clinical diagnostics provide. For instance, while someone might casually label a day of feeling sad or worried as “depressive” or “anxious,” clinical definitions require specific criteria, including duration and intensity of symptoms, significantly impacting life functioning (Harrison et al., 2021). The discrepancy can lead to misunderstandings about the seriousness of mood and anxiety disorders, reducing the likelihood that those affected will seek or receive appropriate support.

How are disorders such as mood and/or anxiety disorders diagnosed?

Diagnosis Of Mood And Anxiety Disorders

Outline the clinical process for diagnosing mood and anxiety disorders, including the use of standardized criteria like the DSM-5, patient history, and mental status examinations.

Example

The diagnostic process for mood and anxiety disorders involves a systematic and rigorous assessment that is guided by established criteria, such as those found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association (Steffens & Zdanys, 2022). Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a detailed patient history and a mental status examination, and may often incorporate standardized diagnostic tools and screening instruments. These criteria are designed to be objective and standardized, reducing subjective bias in diagnosing mental health conditions.

Clinicians also consider the degree to which symptoms interfere with daily functioning, such as work, relationships, and self-care, which addresses the threshold issue of when symptoms of mood or anxiety elevate to the level of a disorder. The threshold is crucial as it underscores the transition from average emotional experiences to clinically significant disturbances that require intervention.

REFERENCES

Harrison, T. W., Chanez, P., Menzella, F., Canonica, G. W., Louis, R., Cosio, B. G., Lugogo, N. L., Mohan, A., Burden, A., & McDermott, L. (2021). Onset of effect and impact on health-related quality of life, exacerbation rate, lung function, and nasal polyposis symptoms for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with benralizumab (ANDHI): A randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(3), 260–274.

Steffens, D. C., & Zdanys, K. F. (2022). The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Pub. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_vKGEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=American+Psychiatric+Association&ots=Ow9xBgDoHs&sig=QNv0rRncel_8GpN87IznpyHKNxg

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

Responses

When responding to your classmates’ postings, consider adding new perspectives or expanding on their points.
Justify your response with examples, research, and reasoning.

Example

Hello Kiara,

You made an excellent point about the impact of media portrayal on public perceptions of mental health disorders. It is interesting to see how these portrayals can both inform and misinform the public, especially when sensationalized content overshadows the realities of those living with mood or anxiety disorders. One aspect I think could be further explored is the role of educational programs in mitigating these misunderstandings. Do you think integrating mental health education into school curriculums from a young age could help shift these public perceptions towards a more informed and empathetic view? By understanding mental health issues from both a scientific and personal perspective early on, individuals might become more adept at recognizing the signs and seeking help without the burden of stigma.

Hello Bruce,

You highlighted an essential aspect of the diagnostic process, precisely the challenges of meeting the clinical threshold for a disorder. It raises a critical point about the subjective nature of how symptoms impact an individual’s daily functioning. Considering how cultural differences in the perception of what constitutes “normal” functioning could affect diagnoses is intriguing. Could you elaborate on how clinicians might adjust their diagnostic approach in culturally diverse settings? Additionally, considering the variability in how symptoms present and affect individuals, how do you see the role of personalized medicine evolving in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders? The idea that treatment plans must be as unique as the individuals experiencing these disorders could revolutionize our approach to mental health care.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 1-1 Discussions, students can effectively analyze the varying perceptions and diagnostic processes of mood and anxiety disorders, fostering a deeper understanding of mental health issues and their impact on individuals. In the next module of PSY-4600, we will explore the 1-2 Project Synopsis of Scholarly Articles

PSY-4600 1-2 PROJECT – SYNOPSIS OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

Instructions for PSY-4600 1-2 Project

Week 1 Project

Assignment

Due June 3 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

In this assignment, you will review current scholarly journal articles and provide a critical evaluation of the studies by creating a synopsis of your findings.

Tasks:

Find and analyze two scholarly journal articles from the South University Online Library: one describing the classification of mood disorders and one describing the classification of anxiety disorders. Scholarly journal articles are also referred to as primary sources or peer-reviewed articles. Each article must have been published within the past five years. Other sources, such as the text (other than supporting citations), Wikipedia, and other online sources, will not be accepted.

Submission Details:

In a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document, create a synopsis by addressing the following:

Provide a summary for each article.
Describe the main points discussed in each article and the way they relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.
Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in each article and the learning derived.
Save the document as SU_PSY4600_W1_Project_LastName_FirstName.

By the due date assigned, submit it to the Submissions Area.

INTRODUCTION PSY-4600 1-2 SYNOPSIS OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 1-2 Project – Synopsis Of Scholarly Articles assignment involves finding, analyzing, and synthesizing information from two scholarly journal articles—one on mood disorders and one on anxiety disorders. The goal is to provide a comprehensive synopsis that integrates the main points from each article, relates them to course materials, and offers personal insights on the concepts discussed.

Find and analyze two scholarly journal articles from the South University Online Library: one describing the classification of mood disorders and one describing the classification of anxiety disorders.

Finding And Selecting Articles

Start by searching the South University Online Library for recent scholarly articles published within the past five years. Ensure PSY-4600 1-2 Project – Synopsis Of Scholarly Articles articles are peer-reviewed and focus on the classification of mood and anxiety disorders.

Provide a summary of the article.

ARTICLE ON MOOD DISORDERS

Summary

Provide a concise summary of each article, highlighting the key points and findings.
Focus on the main arguments and the evidence presented.

Example

The article, “Bordering on the bipolar: a review of criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 persistent mood disorders,” thoroughly examines the classification updates in the latest editions of the ICD and DSM manuals. It discusses the overlapping symptoms among various mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and different forms of bipolar disorder (Luty, 2020). The article argues for the importance of recognizing a spectrum of mood symptoms that do not always fit neatly into one category, complicating diagnosis and treatment. It also suggests that a deeper understanding of these overlaps could lead to more personalized and effective treatment strategies, advocating for a flexible approach that considers the unique presentations of mood symptoms in each patient.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and the way it relates to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

Describe how the main points of each article relate to the course content and textbook readings.
Connect the article’s findings with the concepts discussed in the course PSY-4600 1-2 Project – Synopsis Of Scholarly Articles.

Example

The article complements the course’s focus on psychiatric classification systems by illustrating the transition between diagnostic manuals and their updates. The discussion around the spectrum of mood disorders and the criteria used for differentiating these conditions ties directly into our coursework, which emphasizes understanding the evolution of diagnostic criteria and their application in clinical settings. The article’s exploration of the nuanced differences between disorders with similar symptomatology enhances our understanding of the challenges in psychiatric diagnosis.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

Share your thoughts on the concepts covered in each article.
Reflect on what you have learned and how it impacts your understanding of mood and anxiety disorders.

Example

The article deepened my appreciation for the complexity of diagnosing mood disorders. It highlighted the delicate balance clinicians must maintain between adhering to diagnostic criteria and recognizing the individual variability in how mood disorders manifest. Learning about the specific challenges in differentiating disorders with overlapping symptoms, such as bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, has underscored the importance of thorough clinical evaluation and the potential implications of misdiagnosis. The insight is particularly relevant as it informs the approach to treatment and management, which can vary significantly based on the accurate identification of the disorder.

Provide a summary of the article.

ARTICLE ON ANXIETY DISORDERS

Summary

Provide a concise summary of each article, highlighting the key points and findings.
Focus on the main arguments and the evidence presented.

Example

The article titled “A systematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety disorders and PTSD in low to middle-income countries” evaluates the efficacy of different screening tools for diagnosing anxiety and PTSD. It focuses on their use in diverse socioeconomic contexts, highlighting the variations in sensitivity and specificity among these tools when applied in low to middle-income countries (Mughal et al., 2020). The review emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive and economically feasible diagnostic practices, which can improve mental health services’ outcomes globally. It also discusses the impact of economic constraints on the accuracy of these tools. It suggests that enhancements in local healthcare infrastructure and training are critical for optimizing mental health diagnostics. The insight stresses the importance of adapting mental health interventions to fit different regions’ cultural and economic realities.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and the way it relates to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

Describe how the main points of each article relate to the course content and textbook readings.
Connect the article’s findings with the concepts discussed in the course.

Example

The focus on screening tools for anxiety disorders in diverse settings is particularly relevant to our course discussions on global mental health. The article aligns with the course’s emphasis on understanding how mental health diagnosis and treatment are influenced by socioeconomic factors. It reflects on the broader public health approach discussed in the readings, particularly the need for culturally sensitive and economically feasible diagnostic tools in varying global contexts.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

Share your thoughts on the concepts covered in each article.
Reflect on what you have learned and how it impacts your understanding of mood and anxiety disorders.

Example

The review opened my eyes to the practical challenges of implementing standardized mental health diagnostics in different parts of the world. The variations in the effectiveness of screening tools across different regions highlight the necessity for localized validation studies and adaptations of these tools to meet local needs. It has sparked an interest in how mental health services can be optimized globally, especially in resource-limited settings, and the role of public health professionals in facilitating this. The critical analysis of tool efficacy depending on local context has also highlighted the importance of cultural sensitivity and regional engagement in the development and deployment of health interventions.

CONCLUSION

Summarize the key takeaways from your analysis and reflection.
Emphasize the importance of understanding both the classification and diagnostic processes of mood and anxiety disorders.

Both articles provide critical insights into the classification and diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively. They illustrate the complexities and necessities of updating diagnostic criteria and tools to better suit the evolving understanding of mental health disorders and the diverse contexts in which these tools are applied. The learnings from these articles are invaluable, not only in enhancing academic knowledge but also in practical application, ensuring future professionals are better equipped to address and manage mental health effectively across different settings.

CLOSING

PSY-4600 1-2 Project – Synopsis Of Scholarly Articles assignment has explored the classification and diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders through the analysis of two scholarly articles. Understanding these classifications and the challenges in their diagnosis enhances our comprehension of mental health conditions. These insights are crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and improving mental health services across different settings. In the next module of PSY-4600, we will explore the 2-1 Discussion.

REFERENCES

Luty, J. (2020). Bordering on the bipolar: A review of criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 persistent mood disorders. BJPsych Advances, 26(1), 50–57.

Mughal, A. Y., Devadas, J., Ardman, E., Levis, B., Go, V. F., & Gaynes, B. N. (2020). A systematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety disorders and PTSD in low to middle-income countries. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 338. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02753-3

PSY-4600 2-1 DISCUSSION

Instructions of PSY-4600 2-1 DISCUSSION

This week, you will continue to gain a better understanding of anxiety and mood disorders by examining the different models. These will include the biological, social, cognitive, and developmental factors. You will also look at specific mental disorders, starting with phobias and panic disorder.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Describe the nature of social, cognitive, emotional, and developmental factors in the etiology, course, and duration of anxiety and mood disorders.
Explain the major and subtle differences among the various anxiety and mood disorders, according to DSM-5 criteria.
Explain the nature of scientific studies in the study of anxiety and mood disorders.

Download

Week 2 Discussion

Discussion Topic

Due June 6 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lecture:

Anxiety and Mood Disorder Models

Discussion Questions:

The discussion assignment provides a forum to discuss the relevant topics for this week based on the course competencies covered. Make sure to answer all questions by the due date assigned. Provide a detailed response to the topic questions in the Discussion Area. For this assignment, post your responses directly in the Discussion Area. Do not use attached documents.

To support your work, make sure to utilize relevant resources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite all sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Introduction:

Several models provide the basis for understanding mood and anxiety disorders.

Tasks:

Based on your readings for the supported lecture, respond to the following questions:

Explain why anxiety disorders align more with learning theories such as classical and operant conditioning, while mood disorders seem to have a combination of biological and psychosocial factors.
Are there also biological and psychosocial factors that may influence anxiety disorders? Explain your views with supporting sources.

Submission Details:

Submit your document to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 2-1 DISCUSSION

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 2-1 Discussion assignment involves exploring the different models that provide the basis for understanding mood and anxiety disorders. Students are expected to analyze why anxiety disorders align more with learning theories, while mood disorders involve a combination of biological and psychosocial factors. Additionally, students will discuss the influence of biological and psychosocial factors on anxiety disorders. The goal is to deepen understanding of these complex mental health issues through a comprehensive analysis. In the next module of PSY-4600, we will explore the 2-2 Synopsis Of Articles On Phobias And Panic Disorder

Explain why anxiety disorders align more with learning theories such as classical and operant conditioning.

Explanation Of Anxiety Disorders And Learning Theories

Explain how anxiety disorders can be understood through classical and operant conditioning.
Provide examples to illustrate these concepts.

Example

Anxiety disorders often align with learning theories such as classical and operant conditioning, primarily because these disorders can be understood through the frameworks of learned behaviors and responses. Classical conditioning suggests that anxiety can be learned when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive event, causing an individual to eventually elicit a fear response to the stimulus alone. Operant conditioning further explains how avoidance behaviors, which temporarily relieve anxiety, can be reinforced, making the anxiety response more persistent. The reinforcement solidifies the cycle of anxiety, where avoidance becomes a coping mechanism that prevents the individual from confronting the feared stimulus, thereby perpetuating the anxiety.

Explain why mood disorders seem to have a combination of biological and psychosocial factors.

Mood Disorders: Biological And Psychosocial Factors

Describe the combination of biological and psychosocial factors that influence mood disorders.
Discuss genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and social aspects.

Example

Conversely, mood disorders such as depression are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Biologically, there is evidence of genetic vulnerabilities and neurobiological imbalances, such as irregularities in neurotransmitter systems, which significantly affect mood regulation. Psychologically, theories like Beck’s cognitive theory of depression highlight how persistent negative thoughts and cognitive distortions can lead to and sustain depressive symptoms (Kürümlüoğlugil & Tanrıverdi, 2022). Socially, factors such as traumatic life events and chronic stress have been recognized as critical contributors that can trigger or exacerbate mood disorders.

Are there also biological and psychosocial factors that may influence anxiety disorders? Explain your views with supporting sources.

Biological And Psychosocial Factors Influencing Anxiety Disorders

Discuss the role of biological and psychosocial factors in anxiety disorders.
Provide evidence and examples to support the explanation.

Example

While anxiety disorders align closely with learning theories, they are not exclusively bound by these mechanisms. Biological factors also play a substantial role, with certain genetic markers and brain structure differences, such as variations in the amygdala and hippocampus, being linked to heightened anxiety responses. Additionally, psychosocial factors are equally pivotal. Experiences of trauma, upbringing, and environmental stressors can profoundly influence the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders. These elements demonstrate that anxiety disorders, much like mood disorders, result from a complex interplay of learned behaviors, biological predispositions, and psychosocial influences, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive therapeutic approach that addresses these multifaceted origins.

REFERENCES

Kürümlüoğlugil, R., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2022). The effects of the psychoeducation on cognitive distortions, negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes of patients diagnosed with depression. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(10), 2085–2095. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1944654

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

Responses

When responding to classmates, add new perspectives or expand on their points.
Justify your response with examples, research, and reasoning.

Example

Hello Rebecca,

You provided an insightful analysis of how classical and operant conditioning theories explain the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. However, I wonder if we might expand on how these learning theories interact with biological predispositions. For instance, could genetic factors make certain individuals more susceptible to learning anxiety responses compared to others? It would be interesting to discuss how predispositions might affect the threshold for what is considered an aversive event strong enough to trigger a learned anxiety response. Could this interaction suggest a more integrated approach to treatment that considers both learned behaviors and biological treatments?

Hello Chandler,

Your discussion on the psychosocial factors influencing mood disorders was compelling, especially your points on how societal and environmental stressors can exacerbate these conditions. I think it might also be beneficial to explore the role of resilience factors, such as social support and coping strategies, in mitigating the impact of these stressors. How do you think these resilience factors could alter the trajectory of mood disorders, and could they possibly be integrated into therapeutic approaches to enhance outcomes? Additionally, considering the role of socioeconomic status might provide further insights into how these stressors and resilience factors are distributed across different populations.

PSY-4600 2-2 PROJECT – SYNOPSIS OF ARTICLES ON PHOBIAS AND PANIC DISORDER

Instructions of PSY-4600 2-2 Project

Week 2 Project

Assignment

Due June 10 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

In this assignment, you will review current scholarly journal articles and provide a critical evaluation of the studies by creating a synopsis of your findings. Scholarly journal articles are also referred to as primary sources or peer-reviewed articles.

Tasks:

Find and analyze two scholarly journal articles from the South University Online Library: one on phobias and one on panic disorder. Each article must have been published within the past five years. Other sources such as text (other than supporting citations), Wikipedia, and other online sources will not be accepted.

Submission Details:

In a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document, create a synopsis by addressing the following:

Provide a summary for each article.
Describe the main points discussed in each article and the way they relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.
Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in each article and the learning derived.
Save the document as SU_PSY4600_W2_Project_LastName_FirstName.

By the due date assigned, submit it to the Submissions Area.

Step-By-Step Guide PSY-4600 2-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Phobias And Panic Disorder

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 2-2 SYNOPSIS OF ARTICLES ON PHOBIAS AND PANIC DISORDER

The Owlisdom PSY-4600 2-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Phobias And Panic Disorder assignment involves finding, analyzing, and synthesizing information from two scholarly journal articles—one on phobias and one on panic disorder. The goal is to create a comprehensive synopsis that includes a summary of each article, relates the main points to course materials, and offers personal insights on the concepts discussed.

FINDING AND SELECTING ARTICLES

Use the South University Online Library to search for two scholarly journal articles published within the past five years. Ensure the PSY-4600 2-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Phobias And Panic Disorder articles are peer-reviewed and focus on phobias and panic disorders, respectively.

Provide a summary of the article.

Article On Phobias

Summary

Provide a concise summary of the article.
Highlight the key points and findings, focusing on the main arguments and evidence presented.

Example

The article “Tips for effective implementation of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias—A systematic review,” published in Frontiers in Psychiatry in 2021, presents a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) in treating various phobias, including agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias. The review synthesizes findings from numerous studies to provide recommendations for implementing VRET effectively (Krzystanek et al., 2021). It discusses optimal session duration, frequency, and the integration of VRET with other treatment modalities like pharmacotherapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes. The study highlights that VRET, with its immersive and controlled environment, can simulate real-life scenarios that are otherwise difficult to replicate in traditional therapy settings.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and the way it relates to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

Describe how the main points of the article relate to the course content and textbook readings.
Connect the article’s findings with the concepts discussed in the course.

Example

The article directly relates to our course discussions on innovative therapeutic techniques and technology integration in mental health treatment. It complements our textbook on exposure therapy, offering a modern perspective by utilizing virtual reality. The findings of this review underscore the importance of technological advancements in making therapy more accessible and effective, which aligns with our course’s emphasis on evolving treatment methodologies. Additionally, the discussion on the efficacy of VRET for different types of phobias ties into our exploration of specific therapeutic interventions tailored to various anxiety disorders.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

Share your thoughts on the concepts covered in the article.
Reflect on what you have learned and how it impacts your understanding of phobias.

Example

The potential of VRET to overcome traditional barriers to exposure therapy, such as logistical constraints and patient reluctance, is particularly compelling. The technology not only enhances accessibility but also allows for controlled and repeatable exposure, which is critical for the effectiveness of phobia treatment. The review highlighted the importance of session frequency and duration tailored to the type of phobia being treated, which is a valuable insight for clinical application. Learning about integrating VRET with pharmacotherapy provides a broader understanding of how combining different treatment modalities can improve patient outcomes. The article deepened my appreciation for the role of technology in advancing mental health treatment and the need for ongoing research to optimize these innovative therapies.

Provide a summary for the article.

ARTICLE ON PANIC DISORDER

Summary

Provide a concise summary of the article.
Highlight the key points and findings, focusing on the main arguments and evidence presented.

Example

Published in BMC Psychology, the article “Utilisation and predictors of use of exposure therapy in the treatment of anxiety, OCD and PTSD in an Australian sample: a preliminary investigation” explores the use of exposure therapy among Australian psychologists for treating anxiety disorders, including panic disorder. The study investigates factors influencing the adoption of exposure therapy, such as therapist training, experience, and theoretical orientation (Moses et al., 2021). The findings indicate that while exposure therapy is widely recognized for its efficacy, its use among practitioners varies significantly based on these factors.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and the way it relates to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

Describe how the main points of the article relate to the course content and textbook readings.
Connect the article’s findings with the concepts discussed in the course.

Example

The study’s focus on the barriers to implementing exposure therapy and the variability in its use among clinicians complements our course readings on evidence-based practice in mental health. It aligns with discussions on the challenges of translating research into practice and the importance of clinician training and attitudes in adopting effective therapeutic techniques. The article also reinforces the need for continued education and support for mental health professionals, a recurrent theme in our coursework.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

Share your thoughts on the concepts covered in the article.
Reflect on what you have learned and how it impacts your understanding of panic disorders.

Example

I found it insightful how practitioner-related factors, such as levels of training and theoretical orientation, can significantly impact treatment choices and patient outcomes. The study reflects on the importance of ongoing professional development and adherence to empirically supported treatments to ensure the highest standards of care in mental health practices. The barriers identified, such as negative attitudes towards exposure therapy or insufficient training, highlight the critical need for targeted interventions to address these gaps. This understanding is crucial for future practitioners to advocate for and engage in continual learning and improvement in their therapeutic approaches.

CONCLUSION

Summarize the key takeaways from your analysis and reflection.
Emphasize the importance of understanding both the classification and treatment of phobias and panic disorders.

Example

Both articles provide critical insights into contemporary approaches for treating phobias and panic disorders, emphasizing the importance of technological advancements and therapist education in enhancing treatment efficacy and accessibility. The phobia article highlights how VRET can revolutionize exposure therapy by offering a controlled and immersive environment for patients, making treatment more accessible and practical. The panic disorder article underscores the significant role of therapist-related factors in the adoption and effectiveness of exposure therapy, pointing to the need for continuous professional development and support.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 2-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Phobias And Panic Disorder, students can effectively analyze scholarly articles on phobias and panic disorders. This process fosters a deeper understanding of the classification, treatment, and innovative approaches in mental health, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practices and continuous professional development in enhancing mental health treatment outcomes. You can also read PSY-4600 complete modules to ace the course!

REFERENCES

Krzystanek, M., Surma, S., Stokrocka, M., Romańczyk, M., Przybyło, J., Krzystanek, N., & Borkowski, M. (2021). Tips for effective implementation of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias—A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 737351.

Moses, K., Gonsalvez, C., & Meade, T. (2021). Utilisation and predictors of use of exposure therapy in the treatment of anxiety, OCD and PTSD in an Australian sample: A preliminary investigation. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00613-7

PSY-4600 3-1 DISCUSSION

Explore our Ultimate FREE detailed guide on the PSY-4600 3-1 Discussion on Owlisdom.

Instructions of PSY-4600 3-1 Discussion

This week, you will learn about unipolar depression and the subcategories of mood disorders. You will review the epidemiology of unipolar depression. In addition, you will learn how depression interacts with comorbid disorders, along with cultural considerations in the diagnosis of unipolar depression and related disorders. You will also cover comorbidity, which, for this lecture, is considered a person is diagnosed with two mental disorders, the primary mental disorder, such as bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Describe the typical course and duration of anxiety and mood disorders.
Explain comorbidity and recidivism among anxiety and mood disorders.
Critically evaluate research studies on anxiety and mood disorders.

Week 3 Discussion

Discussion Topic

Due June 13 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lecture:

Comorbidity

To support your work, make sure to utilize relevant resources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite all sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Introduction:

Comorbidity is defined as the coexistence of two or more disorders in an individual. Within this context, comorbidity refers to the presence of a substance use disorder along with one of the mood or anxiety disorders.

Tasks:

Research the prevalence of comorbidity for these types of disorders and explain the prevalence.
Explain the challenges in treating someone with comorbidity.

Submission Details:

Submit your document to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 3-1 DISCUSSION

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 3-1 Discussion assignment aims to explore the comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood or anxiety disorders. Students will research the prevalence of these co-occurring conditions and explain the challenges in treating individuals affected by both. The task will enhance your understanding of the complexities involved in mental health and addiction treatment and develop your ability to engage in thoughtful academic discussions.

Research the prevalence of comorbidity for these types of disorders and explain the prevalence.

Researching the Prevalence Of Comorbidity

Use scholarly articles, government publications, and recent studies to gather data.
Clearly present the data on the prevalence of comorbidity.

Example

The prevalence of comorbidity between substance use disorders and mood or anxiety disorders is notably high. According to recent findings, approximately 37.9% of individuals with substance use disorders also experience mental illnesses, and among those with mental illnesses, around 18.2% have concurrent substance use disorders (Beaulieu, 2022). These statistics underscore the significant overlap between these types of disorders, highlighting a critical area of concern in mental health and addiction services.

Explain the challenges in treating someone with comorbidity.

EXPLAINING TREATMENT CHALLENGES

Discuss how the interplay between substance use and mood or anxiety disorders complicates diagnosis and treatment.
Explain issues like exacerbation of symptoms, difficulties in receiving integrated treatment, and barriers such as financial constraints and social stigma.

Example

Treating the comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood or anxiety disorders presents unique challenges. One of the primary issues is the complex interplay between the disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment. These disorders can exacerbate each other, often leading to a more severe course for both if left untreated. Furthermore, individuals with comorbid conditions are less likely to receive treatment for both conditions. For instance, a significant proportion of those with co-occurring conditions received neither mental health care nor substance use treatment, and only a tiny fraction received comprehensive treatment addressing both conditions.

In addition, there are multiple barriers to effective treatment for people with co-occurring disorders. These include financial constraints, lack of awareness about treatment options, and social stigma. Many individuals also do not seek help due to fears about treatment efficacy, confidentiality concerns, or because they believe they can handle the problem without professional intervention.

The complexity of treating comorbid substance use and mood or anxiety disorders necessitates a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both the psychological and physical aspects of these conditions. Integrated treatment plans that incorporate both psychiatric and substance abuse treatment strategies are essential for effective care. The approach helps manage the symptoms more effectively and addresses the root causes and broader impacts of comorbidity on individuals’ lives.

REFERENCES

Beaulieu, T. A. (2022). Caring for individuals with concurrent mental health and opioid use disorder: A mixed-methods study with implications for health research, policy and practice [PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia]. https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0412993

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

RESPONSES

When responding to classmates, add new perspectives or expand on their points.
Justify your response with examples, research, and reasoning.

Example

Greetings Ben,

You highlighted the high prevalence of comorbidity between substance use disorders and mood or anxiety disorders effectively. Expanding on your point about the treatment complexities, it would be beneficial to consider how specific pharmacological treatments for mood disorders might interact with those for substance use disorders. For example, SSRIs used for depression might interact with medications like methadone used in opioid treatment programs, potentially leading to adverse effects or diminished efficacy of treatment. Additionally, could you discuss how psychological therapies are adjusted in treatment plans to accommodate both conditions simultaneously? Understanding these interactions and adjustments is crucial for developing effective, integrated treatment plans that address both the psychological and physiological aspects of comorbidity.

Hello Rachel,

Your discussion on the barriers to treatment for individuals with comorbid conditions was thorough. You rightly emphasized financial and social barriers; expanding on this, the integration of mental health and substance abuse treatment within primary care settings might offer a solution. This approach could potentially reduce stigma and improve accessibility by normalizing treatment as part of general health care and removing the need for specialized treatment facilities, which are often stigmatized. How do you assess the impact of such integrated care models on treatment adherence and patient outcomes in primary care settings? Additionally, considering the complexities of these disorders, what specific training and resources would primary care providers need to effectively manage these comorbid conditions? This perspective could help us understand the practical implications and challenges of implementing such a model in a real-world healthcare system.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 3-1 Discussion, students can effectively research and analyze the comorbidity of substance use and mood or anxiety disorders, fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in diagnosing and treating these co-occurring conditions. In the next module of PSY-4600, we will explore the 3-2 Project annotated bibliography for a position paper.

PSY-4600 3-2 PROJECT – ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR A POSITION PAPER

Instructions of PSY-4600 3-2 Project

Week 3 Project

Assignment

Due June 17 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

Introduction:

In this week, you will complete an annotated bibliography for a position paper related to mood disorders that you will complete in Week 5.

An annotated bibliography is a brief summary and analysis of a journal article. For this assignment, you must provide an annotated bibliography of at least six peer-reviewed academic journal articles describing research related to your chosen topic. The articles do not need to be empirical studies but are required to be primary sources. Each article must have been published within the past five years.

For more information on the required format of the bibliography, visit the South University Online Citation Resources: APA Style page. The annotated bibliography will be used as a part of the literature review for your course project due in Week 5.

Tasks:

Choose any one of the following topics for your position paper and create an annotated bibliography for your topic:

The social/environmental, cognitive, emotional, and/or developmental factors: Examining the factors that may contribute to the onset and severity of mood and/or anxiety disorders
Treatments for mood and/or anxiety disorders: Comparing and contrasting biological and psychosocial approaches
Suicide: Prevention, intervention, and the relationship with mood disorders
Comorbidity (substance abuse and mood and/or anxiety disorders: A review of current research
Quality of life: How mood and/or anxiety disorders affect work, home, and relationships

Locate at least six peer-reviewed academic journal articles on your chosen topic from the South University Online Library. Please make sure that the articles are not more than five to six years old. What cannot be used for articles are web sources (other than the library), Wikipedia, textbooks, and other books. For the analysis portion of the article, it is expected that you will use sources like the text or other reliable sources to support your analysis. Those references will be listed in the reference section.

Please remember that all journal articles selected must relate to the course and must be relevant to anxiety and/or mood disorders. For example, if you choose suicide as the topic for your position paper and annotated bibliography, the selected journal articles must relate to suicide and anxiety and/or mood disorders. It is not sufficient to merely discuss suicide in general. You must link suicide with an analysis of anxiety and/or mood disorders. If you choose to discuss comorbidity, your journal articles and analysis must relate back to anxiety and/or mood disorders. It is not sufficient to analyze comorbidity in general. The journal articles and analysis must be relevant to the course, anxiety and/or mood disorders

Submission Details:

In a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document, assemble the annotated bibliography and address the following:

Write a 2-paragraph summary for each article.
Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article focusing on how it supports your chosen topic.
Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.
Use APA format, including:
- Title page
- Double space
- Reference page
Apply APA standards to the citation of sources, including the use of in-text citations and full references.
Save the document as SU_PSY4600_W3_Project_LastName_FirstName.

By the due date assigned, submit it to the Submissions Area.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 3-2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR A POSITION PAPER

This PSY-4600 3-2 Project – Annotated Bibliography For A Position Paper assignment involves creating an annotated bibliography for a position paper on a specific topic related to mood and/or anxiety disorders. The annotated bibliography will include summaries and evaluations of six peer-reviewed academic journal articles, helping to build a comprehensive understanding of your chosen topic. This Owlisdom guide will provide step-by-step instructions on how to complete each part of PSY-4600 3-2 Project – Annotated Bibliography For A Position Paper assignment professionally and effectively.

CHOOSING THE TOPIC

in this section of PSY-4600 3-2 Project – Annotated Bibliography For A Position Paper, we will discuss how to choose the topic.

Choose one of the given topics related to mood and/or anxiety disorders.
Ensure that your chosen topic is specific and relevant to the course material.

Topic Chosen: Comorbidity (substance abuse and mood and/or anxiety disorders)

LOCATING PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

in this section of PSY-4600 3-2 Project – Annotated Bibliography For A Position Paper, we will discuss locating peer-reviewed Articles.

Use the South University Online Library to find at least six peer-reviewed academic journal articles published within the last five to six years.
Avoid using non-academic sources like web pages, Wikipedia, textbooks, or non-peer-reviewed books.

Davis, A., McMaster, P., Christie, D. C., Yang, A., Kruk, J. S., & Fisher, K. A. (2023). Psychiatric Comorbidities of Substance Use Disorders: Does Dual Diagnosis Predict Inpatient Detoxification Treatment Outcomes? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(6), 3785–3799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00821-1

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the study’s purpose, methods, and main findings, focusing on the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcomes.

Example

The research from Sydney, Australia, analyzed 456 cases of patients undergoing short-term inpatient detoxification for substance misuse, focusing on the role of psychiatric comorbidities in treatment outcomes. The study evaluated the relationships between psychiatric disorders—such as depression, PTSD, anxiety, and bipolar affective disorders—and key treatment metrics like length of stay, discharge against medical advice, and readmission rates. Despite the high prevalence of these psychiatric conditions among the patients, the findings suggested that such comorbidities did not significantly influence the primary treatment outcomes.

The study identified medication non-compliance and the type of substance misuse as more significant predictors of longer hospital stays and increased likelihood of discharge against medical advice. It points to a complex interaction between substance use and mental health conditions, highlighting the necessity for targeted research to better understand and manage these dual diagnoses effectively.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Analyze the article’s relevance to comorbidity between substance abuse and mood/anxiety disorders, highlighting its strengths and limitations.
Discuss how it aligns with course concepts about integrated treatment plans and medication compliance.

Example

The findings challenge some typical expectations about the impact of psychiatric comorbidities on substance misuse treatment, suggesting a more intricate dynamic than traditionally understood. The study reinforces content from course readings on the importance of integrated treatment plans for dual-diagnosis patients, emphasizing comprehensive approaches that address both substance use and underlying psychiatric disorders. The emphasis on medication compliance aligns with course discussions about treatment adherence as crucial to successful outcomes. Given the limited influence of psychiatric comorbidities on immediate treatment results, as shown in this study, further research is essential in developing more nuanced treatment protocols that can be more effective in clinical practice.

Bahji, A. (2024). Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(4), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040999

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the comprehensive review’s scope, key findings, and recommendations regarding the management of dual diagnoses.

Example

The article examines the co-occurrence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychiatric conditions, emphasizing the diagnostic and treatment challenges of these comorbidities. It underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interactions between SUDs and psychiatric disorders, given their profound implications for clinical practice, research, and policymaking. The narrative review collates and critiques existing evidence on managing these dual diagnoses, aiming to enhance the knowledge and strategies of clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.

The review surveys recent research findings, guidelines, and trends within the field of comorbidity management. It stresses the importance of integrated care models. It calls for ongoing research to refine treatment approaches, providing valuable insights for effectively addressing the complexities involved in treating individuals with concurrent substance use and psychiatric disorders.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Evaluate the article’s support for integrated care models and its emphasis on evidence-based practices.
Discuss its alignment with course readings on managing dual diagnoses and improving clinical outcomes.

Example

The review contributes significantly to the discussion on comorbidity between substance use and mood or anxiety disorders, aligning with course content that highlights the challenges and necessary strategies for managing dual diagnoses. It supports the course’s emphasis on integrated care approaches, demonstrating the necessity of comprehensive treatment models that consider both psychiatric and substance use issues. The article’s focus on evidence-based practices and the need for adaptive policies resonates with our coursework’s push for applying research to improve clinical outcomes. The insights offered in this review are crucial for informing future therapeutic strategies and ensuring that treatment for comorbid disorders is effective and responsive to the needs of patients.

Yule, A. M., & Kelly, J. F. (2019). Integrating Treatment for Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions. Alcohol Research : Current Reviews, 40(1), arcr.v40.1.07. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.07

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the article’s discussion on the complexities of treating co-occurring alcohol use disorder and mental health conditions, including the importance of integrated treatment approaches.

Example

The article examines the complexities of treating individuals with co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and mental health conditions (MHCs), stressing the necessity of integrated treatment approaches due to the significant morbidity linked to these comorbidities. It discusses the heterogeneity among patients, highlighting the importance of considering factors such as symptom type, severity, chronicity, and recovery resources when designing treatment plans. The review also emphasizes the need to accurately identify these co-occurring disorders through reliable screening tools and comprehensive assessments to tailor appropriate treatment interventions.

Moreover, the article delves into the challenges of effectively integrating treatments for AUD and MHCs and explores innovative technological solutions to enhance education and treatment delivery for these disorders. It acknowledges the systemic barriers to providing integrated care across different treatment settings and advocates for ongoing research to improve treatment accessibility and effectiveness.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Analyze the article’s relevance to comorbidity, focusing on the importance of precise screening and assessment tools.
Discuss how it supports the course’s emphasis on personalized medicine and evolving treatment methodologies.

Example

The review is pivotal in addressing the treatment of comorbid AUD and MHCs, aligning with course content that underscores the importance of a holistic treatment approach for dual diagnoses. The focus on using precise screening and assessment tools to customize treatment interventions mirrors the course’s emphasis on personalized medicine in mental health care. The article reinforces the need for evolving treatment methodologies and continued research by discussing the integration challenges and technological advancements, echoing the course’s advocacy for innovation in mental health practices. The insights provided are crucial for understanding and advancing the management of comorbid conditions in clinical settings.

Kivlichan, A. E., Praecht, A., Wang, C., & George, T. P. (2024). Substance-Induced Mood Disorders: A Scoping Review. Current Addiction Reports, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-023-00533-z

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the scope and key findings of the review, focusing on the differentiation between SIMDs and independent mood disorders with comorbid SUDs.

Example

The article addresses the understudied topic of Substance-Induced Mood Disorders (SIMDs) by examining the existing literature to differentiate between SIMDs and independent mood disorders with comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs). Utilizing the PRISMA guidelines, the review analyzed English language articles up to October 2023, identifying thirty-one studies that investigate the relationship between the use of substances like alcohol, cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, and cannabis and their role in inducing mood disorders. The review highlights that while certain risk factors and symptoms for SIMDs were identified, particularly with alcohol and opioids, the findings were inconsistent due to confounding factors and heterogeneity in the studies.

The findings of the review suggest that while identifiable risk factors and symptoms are associated with SIMDs, the results across studies remain inconsistent. The review concludes with a call for further research through well-controlled, experimental, and longitudinal studies to clarify the differences between SIMDs and mood disorders that co-occur with substance use disorders.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Evaluate the article’s contribution to understanding the interplay between substance use and mood disorders.
Discuss its alignment with course content on dual diagnoses and the need for more robust research methodologies.

Example

The review is crucial for understanding the interplay between substance use and mood disorders, directly supporting the topic of comorbidity in substance abuse and mood or anxiety disorders. It aligns with course content on the complexities of diagnosing and treating dual diagnoses, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between SIMDs and independent mood disorders for effective treatment. The call for more robust research methodologies reflects the course’s advocacy for evidence-based practices and comprehensive treatment approaches. The article highlights the gaps in current research and the need for nuanced studies to develop tailored interventions for individuals with comorbid conditions, reinforcing the course’s emphasis on personalized medicine in mental health care.

Turner, S., Mota, N., Bolton, J., & Sareen, J. (2018). Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22771

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the review’s examination of the self-medication hypothesis, including the prevalence and correlates of self-medication among individuals with mood or anxiety disorders.

Example

The article reviews the comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (MD and AD) with substance use disorders (SUD) through the lens of the self-medication hypothesis. The hypothesis suggests that individuals with mood or anxiety disorders use substances to manage their symptoms, which can lead to the development of an independent SUD over time. The narrative review assesses the prevalence and correlates of self-medication (SM) with alcohol and drugs among individuals with MD or AD using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 22 studies sourced from Scopus and PsycINFO.

The findings indicate that 21.9% to 24.1% of individuals with MD or AD engage in SM with alcohol or drugs. Factors such as male sex, younger age, separation, divorce, widowhood, and being Caucasian were associated with higher rates of SM. Longitudinal data support the notion that primary MD or AD can lead to secondary SUD in individuals who self-medicate. The review concludes by advocating for alternative coping strategies to reduce SM and its associated risks.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Analyze the article’s relevance to the self-medication hypothesis and comorbidity between substance use and mood/anxiety disorders.
Discuss how it supports the course’s emphasis on integrated care approaches and alternative coping strategies.

Example

The article is critical for understanding the self-medication hypothesis in the context of comorbidity between substance use and mood or anxiety disorders. It aligns with the course content that emphasizes the importance of addressing underlying psychiatric conditions to prevent the onset of SUD. Identifying specific demographic factors associated with higher SM rates provides valuable insights for targeted interventions. The article reinforces the course’s advocacy for integrated care approaches by supporting the concurrent treatment model. The comprehensive review underlines the necessity of providing alternative coping mechanisms and tailored treatments.

Goldfield, D., Zhang, M., & George, T. P. (2024). Substance Use and Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review. Current Addiction Reports, 11(2), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00541-7

Write a 2-paragraph summary for the article.

SUMMARY

Summarize the review’s evaluation of the relationship between substance use disorders and anxiety disorders, including the potential bidirectional influences.

Example

The study aims to evaluate the relationship between substance use disorders (SUDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs), investigating whether this relationship is unidirectional or bidirectional. Using PRISMA guidelines and scoping review methodology, 25 articles were analyzed from databases including PubMed, Ovid, MEDLINE, and PsychInfo up to June 2023. The review identified strong associations between substance use and ADs, particularly with alcohol and cannabis. Preliminary findings suggest a potential bidirectional relationship, where substance use can exacerbate anxiety disorders and vice versa, though more longitudinal and experimental studies are required to confirm causality.

The results highlight that individuals with comorbid ADs and SUDs exhibit greater symptom severity, poorer treatment responses, and higher relapse rates compared to those with only one disorder. The study underscores the necessity for integrated treatment approaches to manage these comorbid conditions effectively, aiming to improve treatment outcomes for those with dual diagnoses.

Write a 1- to 2-paragraph analysis and evaluation for each article, focusing on how it supports your chosen topic. Integrate what you learned in your course readings in that analysis.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Evaluate the article’s contribution to understanding the complex relationship between substance use and anxiety disorders.
Discuss its alignment with course readings on the intricate dynamics of dual diagnoses and the importance of comprehensive care strategies.

Example

The article is significant in understanding the complex relationship between substance use and anxiety disorders, directly supporting the topic of comorbidity in substance abuse and mood or anxiety disorders. It aligns with the course emphasis on the intricate dynamics of dual diagnoses and the critical need for integrated treatment approaches. The identification of bidirectional influences between substance use and anxiety disorders emphasizes the complexity of these interactions, reflecting the course readings on the multifaceted nature of mental health disorders. The article’s findings on the increased severity and poorer treatment outcomes for individuals with comorbid conditions highlight the importance of comprehensive care strategies, reinforcing the course’s advocacy for holistic and patient-centered treatment plans. The scoping review contributes valuable insights for developing more effective therapeutic approaches and underscores the ongoing need for rigorous research.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 3-2 Project – Annotated Bibliography For A Position Paper, students can effectively create a comprehensive annotated bibliography that will serve as a strong foundation for their position paper on mood and/or anxiety disorders. Thorough research and critical analysis are crucial for developing a well-informed and persuasive position paper. You can also read PSY4600 next module 4-1 Discussion.

REFERENCES

Goldfield, D., Zhang, M., & George, T. P. (2024). Substance Use and Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review. Current Addiction Reports, 11(2), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00541-7

PSY-4600 4-1 DISCUSSION

Instructions of PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion

In this week, you will learn about generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). One of the changes from the DSM-IV-TR is the DSM-5 broke out PTSD and OCD into their own chapters. Even though they have related symptomology in terms of reactions and level of anxiety, they also have their own, unique symptoms.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Evaluate the influence of developmental level, gender, and socioeconomic status on the presentation of anxiety and mood disorders.
Explain the major and subtle differences among the various anxiety and mood disorders, according to DSM-5 criteria.
Critically evaluate research studies on anxiety and mood disorders.
Week 4 Discussion

Discussion Topic

Due June 20 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lecture:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

To support your work, make sure to utilize relevant resources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite all sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Tasks:

Research a particular group of individuals who may be more susceptible to PTSD. Within this group, describe the reasons for this susceptibility and explain some of the ways in which those individuals seek treatment and the types of treatment that may have been successful for that group.

Submission Details:

Submit your document to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 4-1 DISCUSSION

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion assignment focuses on researching a group of individuals particularly susceptible to PTSD. You will explore the reasons for their susceptibility, the treatment methods they seek, and the effectiveness of these treatments. PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion goal is to provide a comprehensive analysis and engage with classmates to broaden the understanding of PTSD.

Research a particular group of individuals who may be more susceptible to PTSD.

RESEARCHING A SPECIFIC GROUP

In this section of PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion, we will discuss researching a specific group.

Select a group known to have a high risk of PTSD, such as military veterans, first responders, or survivors of sexual assault.
Use reliable sources to gather information on their susceptibility and treatment methods.

Example

Military veterans are a particular group highly susceptible to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The heightened susceptibility is mainly due to the extreme stressors and traumatic events experienced during combat and military service, such as exposure to life-threatening situations, witnessing death and injury, and the high-pressure environment of warfare. The prevalence of PTSD among veterans is significantly higher compared to the general population, with estimates suggesting that about 11-20% of veterans who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom have PTSD in a given year (Benhamou, 2020).

Within this group, describe the reasons for this susceptibility.

EXPLAINING SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS

In this section of PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion, we will explain susceptibility factors.

Describe the specific factors that make your chosen group more susceptible to PTSD.
Include both the nature of their experiences and any social or cultural elements that contribute.

Example

Several factors contribute to the increased susceptibility of PTSD among veterans. The nature of military service inherently involves exposure to traumatic events that can overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope. The transition from military to civilian life can also be challenging, with veterans often facing difficulties in adjusting to a non-combat environment, potentially exacerbating PTSD symptoms. Additionally, the stigma associated with mental health issues within the military culture can deter individuals from seeking help, leading to untreated or inadequately treated PTSD.

Explain some of the ways in which those individuals seek treatment and the types of treatment that may have been successful for that group.

TREATMENT METHODS

In this section of PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion, we will discuss treatment methods.

Explain the treatment methods commonly sought by the group and discuss their effectiveness.
Include both traditional and innovative treatments.

Example

Veterans seek treatment for PTSD through various avenues, often starting with the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system, which offers a range of specialized services. Effective treatments for PTSD in veterans typically include evidence-based psychotherapies such as Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy (Benhamou, 2020). These therapies focus on helping individuals process and reduce the impact of traumatic memories. Medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are also commonly used to alleviate symptoms.

Innovative treatments, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the use of service dogs, have shown promise. EMDR helps patients reprocess traumatic memories, while service dogs provide emotional support and reduce anxiety levels. Additionally, peer support groups and community-based interventions are crucial, providing a platform for veterans to share experiences and coping strategies, thus fostering a supportive environment for recovery.

REFERENCES

Benhamou, P. (2020). Risk Factors for PTSD Symptoms among Persian Gulf War Veterans and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans [PhD Thesis, Grand Canyon University]. https://search.proquest.com/openview/042c028cd169603ecd84e3cbb3af966c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

RESPONSES

When responding to classmates, provide additional insights or ask questions that encourage deeper discussion.
Support your responses with examples and research.

Example

Hello Terry,

Your analysis of the susceptibility of first responders to PTSD is insightful. The constant exposure to traumatic events certainly puts them at a higher risk for developing PTSD. However, I wonder if there are specific factors within this group that might further influence their susceptibility, such as differences in training, experience, or personal coping mechanisms. For instance, how might the level of preparedness or previous exposure to trauma impact their likelihood of developing PTSD? Additionally, while you mentioned cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an effective treatment, what role do peer support and debriefing sessions play in mitigating PTSD symptoms among first responders? Studies have shown that immediate peer support and structured debriefings can significantly reduce the onset of PTSD symptoms. Could these interventions be as critical as formal therapy in the long-term mental health of first responders?

Hi Roshelle,

Your discussion on the susceptibility of sexual assault survivors to PTSD highlights an essential and often underrepresented group. The long-lasting psychological impacts of such trauma are profound. However, considering the varying personal and social contexts, how do factors such as social support, the victim’s relationship with the perpetrator, and the response of the legal system affect their PTSD symptoms? Research indicates that strong social support can act as a protective factor, reducing the severity of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the response of the legal and medical systems can significantly influence survivors’ recovery. Have you considered how systemic responses to sexual assault might either exacerbate or alleviate PTSD symptoms? Exploring these aspects could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the unique challenges faced by sexual assault survivors.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 4-1 Discussion, students can effectively research and discuss the susceptibility of specific groups to PTSD, providing well-rounded insights and engaging meaningfully with their peers. In the next module of PSY-4600 we will explore 4-2 Project!

PSY-4600 4-2 PROJECT – SYNOPSIS OF ARTICLES ON GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Instructions of PSY-4600 4-2 Project

Week 4 Project

Assignment

Due June 24 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

In this assignment, you will review current scholarly journal articles and provide a critical evaluation of the studies by creating a synopsis of your findings.

Tasks:

Find and analyze two scholarly journal articles from the South University Online Library. Pick two different disorders from GAD, PTSD, or OCD. Scholarly journal articles are also referred to as primary sources or peer-reviewed articles. Each article must have been published within the past five years. Other sources such as the text (other than supporting citations), Wikipedia, and other online sources will not be accepted.

Submission Details:

In a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document, create a synopsis by addressing the following:

Provide a summary for each article.
Describe the main points discussed in each article and how they relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.
Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in each article and the learning derived.
Save the document as SU_PSY4600_W4_Project_LastName_FirstName.

By the due date assigned, submit it to the Submissions Area.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 4-2 SYNOPSIS OF ARTICLES ON GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder assignment requires you to find and analyze two scholarly journal articles, each focusing on different disorders from GAD, PTSD, or OCD. You will summarize the articles, relate them to the course material, and share your reflections. The goal is to deepen your understanding of these disorders and enhance your ability to critically analyze scientific literature.

FINDING THE ARTICLES

In this section of PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, we will discuss how to find the articles.

Use the South University Online Library to find two peer-reviewed academic journal articles published within the past five years.
Choose articles that specifically focus on GAD and PTSD, ensuring they relate to anxiety and/or mood disorders.

Provide a summary of the article.

ARTICLE ON GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)

Summary

Write a 2-paragraph summary that captures the main points and findings.
Focus on the research objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions.

Example

The article “Perceived helpfulness of treatment for a generalized anxiety disorder: a World Mental Health Surveys report,” published in BMC Psychiatry in 2023, explores the effectiveness of various treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) from the patient’s perspective. Utilizing data from the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), the study assesses the perceived helpfulness of different treatment modalities (Stein et al., 2021). The study included a diverse sample of individuals diagnosed with GAD and examined factors influencing their treatment experiences and outcomes.

The findings indicate that a significant portion of GAD patients do not find their initial treatments helpful. Key predictors of obtaining helpful treatment include socio-demographic factors, comorbid conditions, and the type of treatment providers. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive and patient-centered treatment approaches, suggesting that more targeted and individualized care could improve treatment satisfaction and outcomes for GAD patients.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and how they relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

In this section of PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, we will explore explore relation to course material.

Describe how the main points in the article relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.
Highlight any connections between the articles’ findings and the concepts discussed in your coursework.

Example

The article aligns with our course readings on the importance of patient-centered approaches in mental health care. It highlights the discrepancies between clinical efficacy and patient-perceived effectiveness, reinforcing the need for scientifically validated treatments tailored to individual patient needs. The course materials emphasize the role of personalized care in improving mental health outcomes, a theme echoed in this study’s findings on GAD treatment.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

In this section of PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, we will discuss personal reflections and learning.

Share your thoughts and perspectives on the concepts covered in each article.
Reflect on what you learned and how these insights enhance your understanding of GAD.

Example

The study underscores the critical gap between clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction, prompting a reevaluating of how treatment success is measured in mental health care. It also highlights the significance of considering patient perspectives in treatment planning and the potential benefits of integrating more personalized approaches. The insight is valuable for developing more holistic and effective mental health care strategies.

Provide a summary of the article.

ARTICLE ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Summary

Write a 2-paragraph summary that captures the main points and findings.
Focus on the research objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions.

Example

The article “ Psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder involving primary care physicians: systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” published in The Lancet Psychiatry in 2020, systematically reviews and analyzes the effectiveness of various psychological interventions for PTSD. The study evaluates the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and exposure therapy. It synthesizes data from numerous randomized controlled trials to determine the relative effectiveness of these treatments.

The findings reveal that while CBT and EMDR are highly effective in reducing PTSD symptoms, the success rates can vary based on the severity of the disorder and the presence of comorbid conditions (Gehringer et al., 2020). The review also highlights the importance of personalized treatment plans and the need for further research to optimize therapy protocols for different patient subgroups.

Describe the main points discussed in the article and how they relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.

Relation to Course Material

Describe how the main points in the article relate to this week’s course and textbook readings.
Highlight any connections between the articles’ findings and the concepts discussed in your coursework.

Example

This article complements our course discussions on evidence-based treatments for PTSD, emphasizing the critical role of tailored therapeutic interventions. The course materials discuss the importance of understanding the specific needs of PTSD patients and adapting treatments to maximize efficacy, which is supported by the findings of this systematic review. The focus on comparing different psychological interventions aligns with the course’s emphasis on evaluating and applying the most effective treatment modalities in clinical practice.

Share your thoughts and perspectives regarding the concepts covered in the article and the learning derived.

Personal Reflections and Learning

In this section of PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, we will discuss personal reflections and learning.

Share your thoughts and perspectives on the concepts covered in each article.
Reflect on what you learned and how these insights enhance your understanding of PTSD.

Example

The systematic review provides a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of various psychological treatments for PTSD, reinforcing the importance of evidence-based practice in mental health care. The emphasis on personalized treatment plans highlights the need to consider individual patient factors in therapy, which is crucial for improving outcomes. This article’s insights into optimizing treatment protocols are valuable for future clinical practice, ensuring that PTSD patients receive the most effective and appropriate care.

CONCLUSION

Summarize the key points discussed in your synopsis and highlight the importance of integrating personalized and evidence-based approaches in mental health care.

Example

Both articles provide valuable insights into the treatment and understanding of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, each from a unique perspective—patient-centered treatment effectiveness and neuropsychological evaluation. These studies underscore the importance of personalized and evidence-based approaches in mental health care, aligning with the themes discussed in our course. They collectively highlight the need for integrated treatment strategies that consider both the cognitive and emotional dimensions of anxiety disorders, paving the way for more effective and holistic mental health interventions.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 4-2 Project – Synopsis Of Articles On Generalized Anxiety Disorder And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, students can effectively create a well-structured and insightful synopsis of scholarly articles on GAD and PTSD, enhancing their understanding and analytical skills in the field of mental health. In the next module of PSY-4600 we will explore 5-1 Discussion!

REFERENCES

Gehringer, R., Freytag, A., Krause, M., Schlattmann, P., Schmidt, K., & Schulz, S. (2020). Psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder involving primary care physicians: Systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-020-01244-4

Stein, D. J., Kazdin, A. E., Ruscio, A. M., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N. A., Ziobrowski, H. N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Altwaijri, Y., Bruffaerts, R., Bunting, B., de Girolamo, G., de Jonge, P., Degenhardt, L., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Harris, M. G., Karam, A., … WHO World Mental Health Survey collaborators. (2021). Perceived helpfulness of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A World Mental Health Surveys report. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 392. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03363-3

PSY-4600 5-1 DISCUSSION

Instructions of PSY-4600 5-1 Discussion

This week concludes with a focus on treatment approaches for anxiety and mood disorders, covering the most common treatment approaches for each disorder and their effectiveness. This week also culminates with a final paper based on what you learned in this course as well as the topic you choose and the bibliography from Week 3.

Your Learning Objectives for the Week:

Evaluate the influence of developmental level, gender, and socioeconomic status on the presentation of anxiety and mood disorders.
Explain the nature of scientific studies in the study of anxiety and mood disorders.
Critically evaluate research studies on anxiety and mood disorders.
Week 5 Discussion

Discussion Topic

Due June 27 at 11:59 PM

Supporting Lectures:

To support your work, make sure to utilize relevant resources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite all sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Introduction:

Throughout this course, we have covered several disorders. For each disorder, there have been effective treatment techniques.

Tasks:

Choose two disorders that were covered in the course and provide a common treatment model for each (excluding medications).
Explain why each of those treatments is effective.

Submission Details:

Submit your document to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Be sure to cite your sources using APA format.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 5-1 DISCUSSION

This Owlisdom PSY-4600 5-1 Discussion assignment involves selecting two disorders covered in the course and discussing effective non-medication treatment models for each. You will explain why these treatments are effective and provide thoughtful responses to your classmates’ posts throughout the week.

CHOOSING DISORDERS AND TREATMENT MODELS

Select two disorders discussed in the course. For each disorder, choose a commonly used non-medication treatment model.

Example

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Provide a common treatment model for each (excluding medications). Explain why each of those treatments is effective.

EXPLAINING TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS

In this section of PSY-4600 5-1 Discussion, we will Explain Treatment Effectiveness.

For each disorder, write a detailed explanation of why the chosen treatment model is effective.
Include references to studies or research findings that support the effectiveness of the treatment.

Example

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a widely used and effective treatment model for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). CBT focuses on identifying, challenging, and altering dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors that contribute to anxiety. The approach helps individuals develop healthier thinking patterns and coping mechanisms.

CBT is effective for GAD because it directly addresses the cognitive distortions and behavioral patterns that perpetuate anxiety. By teaching patients to recognize and reframe negative thoughts, CBT reduces the intensity and frequency of anxiety symptoms. Studies have shown that CBT significantly improves anxiety levels and overall functioning (Kaczkurkin & Foa, 2022). Additionally, CBT includes practical techniques such as relaxation training and exposure exercises, which help individuals gradually face and manage their anxiety triggers in a controlled manner. The structured, skill-based approach empowers patients to take an active role in their recovery, leading to long-term benefits.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach specifically designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories, making it highly effective for treating PTSD. EMDR involves guided eye movements or other bilateral stimulation while the patient recalls traumatic events. The process helps reprocess the traumatic memories, reducing their emotional impact.

EMDR is effective for PTSD because it facilitates the processing of traumatic memories that are often stuck and continue to cause distress. By integrating these memories into the patient’s broader life narrative in a less emotionally charged way, EMDR reduces the symptoms of PTSD, such as flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety. Research has demonstrated that EMDR can lead to significant improvements in PTSD symptoms, often in fewer sessions compared to other therapies (Stanbury et al., 2020). The bilateral stimulation in EMDR is believed to mimic the brain’s natural processing mechanisms, similar to those during REM sleep, thereby enhancing the treatment’s efficacy.

REFERENCES

Kaczkurkin, A. N., & Foa, E. B. (2022). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: An update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience.

Stanbury, T. M. M., Drummond, P. D., Laugharne, J., Kullack, C., & Lee, C. W. (2020). Comparative efficiency of EMDR and prolonged exposure in treating posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(1), 2–12.

Respond to your classmates throughout the week. Justify your answers with examples, research, and reasoning.

RESPONSES

Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. Justify your responses with examples, research, and reasoning.
Provide additional insights or ask questions to further the discussion.

Example

Hello Genie,

Your analysis of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) was insightful. I appreciate how you highlighted the importance of restructuring negative thought patterns to reduce anxiety. However, I am curious about the role of exposure techniques within CBT for GAD. Do you think that graded exposure exercises, which gradually introduce patients to anxiety-provoking situations, could further enhance the effectiveness of CBT? Studies have shown that exposure therapy, a core component of CBT, can significantly reduce avoidance behaviors and anxiety symptoms by helping patients face their fears in a controlled manner (Craske et al., 2014). Additionally, how do you see the integration of technology, such as online CBT programs, impacting the accessibility and effectiveness of this treatment for individuals with GAD?

Greetings Leila,

Your discussion on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was very well articulated. I agree with your points on how EMDR helps reprocess traumatic memories. One aspect I found particularly interesting is that EMDR might stimulate the brain’s natural healing processes, similar to REM sleep. However, some critics argue that the eye movements in EMDR might not be essential and that the therapy’s success could be due to the exposure element and cognitive restructuring involved (Davidson & Parker, 2001). What are your thoughts on this debate? Additionally, how do you think EMDR compares to other trauma-focused therapies, such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), in terms of effectiveness and patient preference? Exploring these comparisons could provide a deeper understanding of the best practices for treating PTSD.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 5-1 Discussion, students can effectively complete the PSY-4600 5-1 Discussion assignment, demonstrating a thorough understanding of effective treatment techniques for mental disorders and contributing meaningfully to the class dialogue. In the next module of PSY-4600 we will explore 5-2 Project – Literature Review!

PSY-4600 5-2 PROJECT – LITERATURE REVIEW

Instructions of PSY-4600 5-2 Project

Week 5 Final Project

Assignment

Due July 1 at 11:59 PM

NCF:

This final project assignment is associated with the non-completion failure (NCF) grade. Failure to complete this assignment will result in the issuance of a grade of NCF if the course average would result in a failing grade in the course. Students should contact their Academic Counselor or Program Director if they have any questions regarding the NCF grade and its implications.

Supporting Lectures:

In Week 3, you conducted an annotated bibliography based on the topic you chose. For this week, you will take that information and incorporate it into a final paper.

The final paper will begin with an introduction of the topic you chose, using what you learned from the course to support your writing.
The next section will be the literature review. The literature review is taking what you wrote for Week 3 Project with editing to fit into the essay (i.e., paragraph) format. Remember, the article references are now moved from the top of each article to the reference page.
- Please remember that all journal articles selected must relate to the course and must be relevant to anxiety and/or mood disorders. For example, if you choose suicide as the topic for your position paper and annotated bibliography, the selected journal articles must relate to suicide and anxiety and/or mood disorders. It is not sufficient to merely discuss suicide in general. You must link suicide with an analysis of anxiety and/or mood disorders. If you choose to discuss comorbidity, your journal articles and analysis must relate back to anxiety and/or mood disorders. It is not sufficient to analyze comorbidity in general. The journal articles and analysis must be relevant to the course, anxiety and/or mood disorders
The next section will be the conclusion. The conclusion is basically a synthesis of what you learned from the literature review on your topic. What should also be included is what you learned throughout the course as it relates to your topic.
Finally, there is the reference page. Make sure to follow APA format for all references.

Your paper should adhere to the following guidelines:

For the main sections, it should have:

A title page
An abstract (not more than 250 words)
An introduction (the introduction not to be included as a heading)
A literature review
Conclusions
References

Submission Details:

Save your file as SU_PSY4600_W5_Project_LastName_FirstName.

By the due date assigned, submit it to the Submissions Area.

INTRODUCTION TO PSY-4600 5-2 PROJECT – LITERATURE REVIEW

This Owlisdom assignment of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review requires you to synthesize information from your Week 3 annotated bibliography into a comprehensive paper on the management of comorbid substance use and mood or anxiety disorders. You will provide an introduction to the topic, incorporate a detailed literature review, and conclude with a synthesis of your findings and what you have learned throughout the course.

The final paper will begin with an introduction of the topic you chose, using what you learned from the course to support your writing.

INTRODUCTION

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will Introduce the topic.

Introduce the topic of comorbidity between substance use disorders (SUDs) and mood or anxiety disorders.

Example

Comorbidity, the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in an individual, is a critical concern in mental health research and clinical practice. Specifically, the coexistence of substance use disorders (SUDs) with mood and anxiety disorders presents unique challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management. These comorbidities often lead to more severe clinical presentations, poorer treatment outcomes, and higher rates of relapse, making effective management a complex task. Understanding the intricate interactions between these conditions is essential for developing integrated treatment approaches that address the multifaceted needs of individuals with dual diagnoses. This paper explores the prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies for comorbid SUDs and mood or anxiety disorders, drawing on recent research to highlight the importance of comprehensive and personalized care models. The thesis of this paper is that integrated treatment approaches are crucial for effectively managing comorbid substance use and mood or anxiety disorders, and ongoing research is needed to refine these strategies.

The next section will be the literature review. The literature review is taking what you wrote for Week 3 Project with editing to fit into the essay (i.e., paragraph) format.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will Explore Literature Review.

Summarize and analyze the key findings from the articles you reviewed in Week 3.

Comorbidity and Treatment Outcomes

Discuss the findings of Davis et al. (2023) regarding treatment outcomes in patients with psychiatric comorbidities undergoing detoxification.

Example

The study by Davis et al. (2023) analyzed 456 cases of patients undergoing short-term inpatient detoxification for substance misuse in Sydney, Australia, focusing on the role of psychiatric comorbidities in treatment outcomes. Despite high rates of psychiatric conditions like depression, PTSD, anxiety, and bipolar affective disorders among the patients, the findings suggested that such comorbidities did not significantly influence the primary treatment outcomes, such as length of stay, discharge against medical advice, and readmission rates. Instead, medication non-compliance and the type of substance misuse were more significant predictors of extended hospital stays and increased likelihood of discharge against medical advice. The study challenges traditional expectations about the impact of psychiatric comorbidities on substance misuse treatment and underscores the need for targeted research to better understand and manage these dual diagnoses (Davis et al., 2023).

Further analysis reveals that the complexity of managing dual diagnoses often leads to discrepancies in treatment adherence, particularly among patients with severe psychiatric symptoms. The heterogeneity in patient responses necessitates a tailored approach, considering individual patient histories and the specific interactions between the types of substances misused and the psychiatric conditions present. The nuanced understanding can inform more effective treatment protocols and improve patient outcomes.

Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will Explore Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges.

Summarize Bahji (2024) on the diagnostic and treatment challenges of co-occurring SUDs and psychiatric conditions.

Example

Bahji (2024) provides a comprehensive review of the co-occurrence of SUDs and psychiatric conditions, emphasizing the diagnostic and treatment challenges these comorbidities present. The narrative review underscores the need for a thorough understanding of the dynamic interactions between SUDs and psychiatric disorders due to their profound implications for clinical practice, research, and policymaking. The review highlights the importance of integrated care models and calls for ongoing research to refine treatment approaches, offering valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. The review stresses the necessity of comprehensive treatment models that address both psychiatric and substance use issues.

Moreover, the review discusses the diagnostic challenges posed by the overlapping symptoms of SUDs and psychiatric disorders, which can complicate the identification of the primary disorder. The importance of accurate diagnosis is further highlighted by the potential for misdiagnosis to lead to ineffective treatment plans, exacerbating patient outcomes. Enhanced diagnostic criteria and improved training for healthcare professionals are critical steps towards addressing these challenges.

Integrated Treatment Approaches

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will Explore Integrated Treatment Approaches.

Review Yule and Kelly (2019) on the complexities of treating individuals with co-occurring AUD and mental health conditions.

Example

The article by Yule and Kelly (2019) delves into the complexities of treating individuals with co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and mental health conditions (MHCs), stressing the necessity of integrated treatment approaches due to the significant morbidity linked to these comorbidities. The review discusses the heterogeneity among patients and highlights the importance of considering factors such as symptom type, severity, chronicity, and recovery resources when designing treatment plans. It also explores innovative technological solutions to enhance education and treatment delivery for these disorders, acknowledging systemic barriers to providing integrated care across different treatment settings. The insights provided are crucial for advancing the management of comorbid conditions in clinical settings.

In addition, the article emphasizes the role of patient-centered care in improving treatment adherence and outcomes. By integrating mental health and substance use treatments, healthcare providers can address the full spectrum of patient needs, potentially reducing the high relapse rates observed in comorbid patients. The integration of technology, such as telehealth and mobile health applications, is highlighted as a promising avenue for overcoming logistical barriers and expanding access to comprehensive care.

Substance-Induced Mood Disorders

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will expore Substance-Induced Mood Disorders.

Summarize Kivlichan et al. (2024) on the differentiation between SIMDs and independent mood disorders with comorbid SUDs.

Example

Kivlichan et al. (2024) address the understudied topic of Substance-Induced Mood Disorders (SIMDs) by examining existing literature to differentiate between SIMDs and independent mood disorders with comorbid SUDs. The review highlights that while certain risk factors and symptoms for SIMDs were identified, particularly with alcohol and opioids, the findings were inconsistent due to confounding factors and heterogeneity in the studies. The review concludes with a call for further research through well-controlled, experimental, and longitudinal studies to clarify the differences between SIMDs and mood disorders that co-occur with SUDs. The article underscores the complexity of diagnosing and treating dual diagnoses.

The inconsistencies in findings point to the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and research methodologies. Understanding the distinct pathways through which substances induce mood disorders versus when they coexist with independent mood disorders can lead to more precise treatment strategies. Such differentiation is critical for developing targeted interventions that address the specific needs of individuals with SIMDs, improving overall treatment efficacy.

Self-Medication Hypothesis

In this section of PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, we will explore Self-Medication Hypothesis.

Review Turner et al. (2018) on the prevalence and correlates of self-medication in individuals with mood or anxiety disorders.

Example

Turner et al. (2018) review the comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (MD and AD) with SUDs through the lens of the self-medication hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with MD or AD use substances to manage their symptoms, potentially leading to the development of an independent SUD over time. The review assesses the prevalence and correlates of self-medication (SM) with alcohol and drugs among individuals with MD or AD using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 22 studies. The findings indicate that 21.9% to 24.1% of individuals with MD or AD engage in SM with alcohol or drugs, with factors such as male sex, younger age, and being Caucasian associated with higher rates of SM. The review advocates for alternative coping strategies to reduce SM and its associated risks, supporting the concurrent treatment model as the “gold standard” (Turner et al., 2018).

The self-medication hypothesis underscores the importance of addressing underlying psychiatric conditions to prevent the onset of SUD. By identifying specific demographic factors associated with higher SM rates, healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to reduce reliance on substances for coping with mood and anxiety symptoms. Implementing alternative coping strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and stress management techniques, can significantly mitigate the risk of developing SUDs among vulnerable populations.

Bidirectional Relationship Between SUDs and Anxiety Disorders

Summarize Goldfield et al. (2024) on the bidirectional relationship between SUDs and anxiety disorders.

Example

Goldfield et al. (2024) evaluate the relationship between SUDs and anxiety disorders (ADs), investigating whether this relationship is unidirectional or bidirectional. Using PRISMA guidelines and scoping review methodology, 25 articles were analyzed, revealing strong associations between substance use and ADs, particularly with alcohol and cannabis. Preliminary findings suggest a potential bidirectional relationship, where substance use can exacerbate anxiety disorders and vice versa. The study highlights that individuals with comorbid ADs and SUDs experience greater symptom severity, poorer treatment responses, and higher relapse rates compared to those with only one disorder. The review underscores the necessity for integrated treatment approaches to manage these comorbid conditions effectively (Goldfield et al., 2024).

The identification of bidirectional influences between substance use and anxiety disorders highlights the complexity of these interactions and the need for comprehensive treatment strategies. Effective management of comorbid ADs and SUDs requires addressing both disorders simultaneously, with a focus on reducing symptom severity and improving treatment responses. The approach can lead to better patient outcomes and lower relapse rates, emphasizing the importance of integrated care models.

The next section will be the conclusion. The conclusion is basically a synthesis of what you learned from the literature review on your topic. What should also be included is what you learned throughout the course as it relates to your topic.

CONCLUSION

Summarize your findings and reflect on what you have learned throughout the course.

Example

The literature reviewed provides comprehensive insights into the complexities of comorbid substance use and mood or anxiety disorders. The studies highlight the prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and the need for integrated treatment approaches to address these dual diagnoses effectively. Davis et al. (2023) and Bahji (2024) underscore the importance of understanding the dynamic interactions between SUDs and psychiatric disorders, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and personalized treatment plans. Yule and Kelly (2019) and Kivlichan et al. (2024) advocate for the use of precise screening tools and innovative technologies to enhance treatment delivery and address the unique needs of individuals with comorbid conditions. Turner et al. (2018) and Goldfield et al. (2024) emphasize the significance of addressing underlying psychiatric conditions and the potential bidirectional relationship between substance use and anxiety disorders.

CLOSING

By following these guidelines for PSY-4600 5-2 Project – Literature Review, students can effectively complete the assignment, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the comprehensive management of comorbid substance use and mood or anxiety disorders. You can also read PSY-4600 complete modules to ace the course!

REFERENCES

Goldfield, D., Zhang, M., & George, T. P. (2024). Substance Use and Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review. Current Addiction Reports, 11(2), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00541-7