POLS210 – American Government I: Understanding the Constitution, Political Institutions, and Federal Governance

Introduction:

POLS210 – American Government I introduces the structure, principles, and functions of the U.S. political system. The course explores the Constitution, federalism, civil rights, and the roles of Congress, the presidency, and the judiciary. For expert help with political science essays or constitutional analysis papers, visit Owlisdom’s Law Essay Writing Service Help.

POLS 210 WEEK 1: CONSTITUTION, HEALTHCARE, AND AMENDMENTS

Instructions for POLS 210 Week 1

W1: The Constitution, Healthcare, and Amendments

There are two parts in Week 1.

1. I) Introduce yourself. Tell us your major at APU/AMU, how long you’ve been taking online courses, where you are located, what you hope to learn from this class, or whatever you’d like to share. It’s your introduction.

Specific Instructions: It is essential that your initial post be at least 250 words and that it is submitted by 11:59 p.m., ET, on Sunday of Week 1. We use this first post to verify your enrollment and engagement. If your first post is less than 250 words or if it is not submitted within the deadline, you will be dropped from the course.

1. II) Respond to one of the two following prompts:

1) Which provisions in the Constitution give the federal government power to create, regulate, and mandate healthcare policies and according to whom? Provide a news article from the last eight weeks to illustrate government actions in the policy area. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content. 

OR

2) Even though constitutional amendments are rare, there’s often talk in America about changing the United States Constitution. Search recent news articles from the last eight weeks and report on a story about an effort to amend the U.S. Constitution. Be sure to explain why an amendment would be needed rather than just a basic change in federal law. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 1 Discussion

Welcome to the POLS 210 Week 1: Constitution, Healthcare, and Amendments. This first discussion post concerns your understanding of the Constitution, healthcare, and amendments. I will provide brief and descriptive guidelines to solve the Week 1 discussion post and a dummy solution for each section. This How-To Owlisdom Guide will equip you with guidelines to tackle all the queries related to the POLS 210 Week 1: Constitution, Healthcare, and Amendments. Let us begin with the guide.

Tell us your major at APU/AMU, how long you have been taking online courses, where you are located, what you hope to learn from this class, or whatever you want to share. It is your introduction.

Part One: About You

Week 1 task has two parts. In the first part, we will briefly introduce ourselves by mentioning our principal and our expectations from the course POLS 210.

• Introduce yourself.
• Major at APU/AMU: Briefly describe your major at APU/AMU and why you chose it. Please keep it simple and engaging.
• Mention how long you have taken online courses. A sentence or two will suffice.
• Share where you are located. This adds a personal touch and connects with the audience.
• Explain what you hope to learn in this class and your specific interests in the American government. Aim for enthusiasm and curiosity in your tone.

Example

Hello! I am majoring in political science at APU, and a passion draws me to understanding governmental processes. I have been taking online courses from my home in Virginia for a year. In POLS 210, I am eager to dive deeper into American government structures and their impact, hoping to harness this knowledge for civic engagement.

Part Two: Deep Dive into American Government

In the second part, we have to choose one topic to discuss briefly. I will provide guidelines and solutions to both parts. You can choose the one you think fits your needs.

1) Which provisions in the Constitution give the federal government power to create, regulate, and mandate healthcare policies, and according to whom? Provide a news article from the last eight weeks to illustrate government actions in the policy area. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and weekly content.

Federal Government’s Role in Healthcare Policies (Option 1):

• Identify and briefly explain the constitutional provisions that empower the federal government to regulate healthcare. Use simple language for clarity.
• Find a recent article related to federal government action in healthcare policy. Summarise the article and how it illustrates government power in healthcare.
• Connect the news story to concepts from your textbook or weekly content, explaining how the real-world example illustrates these concepts.

Example

The U.S. Constitution empowers the federal government to regulate healthcare mainly through the Commerce Clause and the power to tax and spend for the general welfare. The Commerce Clause allows Congress to regulate commerce among the states, which has been interpreted to include healthcare services and industries. The taxing and spending clause enables the government to fund healthcare initiatives and mandate healthcare policies by providing or withholding federal funds.

A recent article highlighted the Biden administration’s efforts to expand healthcare access through the Affordable Care Act. This action demonstrates the federal government’s use of its power to tax and spend to encourage states to increase healthcare coverage, showcasing the government’s role in shaping healthcare policy to promote general welfare.

Even though constitutional amendments are rare, there is often talk in America about changing the United States Constitution. Search recent news articles from the last eight weeks and report on a story about an effort to amend the U.S. Constitution. Explain why an amendment would be needed rather than just a fundamental change in federal law. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and weekly content.

Efforts to Amend the U.S. Constitution (Option 2):

• Search for and summarise a recent news story about efforts to amend the Constitution. Keep the summary concise and focused.
• Explain why the proposed change requires a constitutional amendment rather than a simple change in federal law. Use examples or textbook concepts to clarify the distinction.
• Link the news story to the relevant textbook or class content. Show how the effort to amend the Constitution reflects broader principles or challenges in American government.

Example

Recent discussions have centered on an initiative to amend the U.S. Constitution to implement term limits for Congress members. Due to the Constitution’s supremacy, this effort requires a constitutional amendment rather than just a federal law change. Federal laws can be altered or repealed by Congress or deemed unconstitutional by the courts. Still, an amendment would provide a permanent change that directly alters the foundational legal structure of the government. This initiative reflects the principle of checks and balances, aiming to prevent the concentration of power and promote political accountability. It demonstrates the complex process of amending the Constitution as a reflection of the desire for systemic change, echoing the textbook’s exploration of constitutional amendments as a tool for adapting governance to evolving societal values and needs.

Note: Remember, this is a fabricated example for illustrative purposes, designed to fit the guidelines provided.

Closing

By following this outline and guidelines, you can create a helpful and engaging guide for students exploring the complexities of the American Government.

POLS 210 W2: Public Opinion and Political Participation

Instructions of POLS 210 W2

Respond to one of the two following prompts:

1) What influence does public opinion have on health care policy? Provide a recent (last eight weeks) poll or news article on healthcare policy illustrating the power of public opinion to affect policy. Be sure to apply concepts from the text book and/or weekly content.

OR

2) Using concepts and terms from the readings, compare and contrast the 2008 and 2016 presidential election campaign tactics by reviewing one Democratic ad and one Republican ad from each election (four ads overall). 

Remember to analyze the ads. Don’t simply describe them. Leave out personal opinions, and stick to facts and concepts in the readings, which also should be cited where appropriate.

Here are some web sources which you might want to consult:

• The Living Room Candidate
• Political Communication Lab (Stanford University) 
• CNN Politics: Election 2016 Exit Polls
• CNN Politics: Election Center 2008, President Full Results
• CNN Politics: National Results

Discussion Guidelines

Optional (ungraded):

Feel free to test your own political orientation (liberal, conservative, libertarian, populist) with this online survey. If so inclined, feel free to share your results

Recap

Previously, we discussed our understanding of the Constitution, healthcare, and amendments. The key takeaways from POLS 210 Week 1 Discussion were: 

• Introductory session
• Deep Analysis of the American Government
• Discussed Federal Government’s Role in Healthcare Policies (Option 1)
• Efforts to Amend the U.S. Constitution (Option 2)

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 2 Discussion

The POLS 210 W2: Public Opinion and Political Participation allows students to explore significant aspects of American Government. You can analyze the impact of public opinion on healthcare policy or compare the campaign tactics of presidential elections in 2008 and 2016. By engaging with recent resources and applying academic concepts, students will better understand how public opinions and political strategies shape policies and election outcomes in the U.S.

Choosing Your Topic

We have two topics in the Week 2 discussion. We are instructed to choose one to write our discussion post. I will provide guidelines and sample solutions to both.

What influence does public opinion have on health care policy? Provide a recent (last eight weeks) poll or news article on healthcare policy illustrating the power of public opinion to affect policy. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and weekly content.

Option 1: Influence of Public Opinion on Health Care Policy

In this option, we will assess how public opinion influences healthcare policy.

• Find a recent poll or news article (from the last eight weeks) that illustrates this influence. 
• Apply and integrate concepts from your textbook or weekly content into your analysis.

Research and Evidence Gathering

• Look for recent polls on platforms like Gallup or Pew Research.

Analysing Healthcare Policy Influence

• Discuss the selected poll or article, emphasizing how it reflects public opinion’s impact on healthcare decisions. 
• Use theoretical concepts to connect real-world data with academic theories.

Example

Public opinion plays a crucial role in shaping healthcare policy, as demonstrated by a recent Gallup poll that reveals increasing public concern over healthcare costs. (Gallup, 2024). This poll indicates that many Americans prioritize reducing healthcare expenses over other policy issues, which can pressure policymakers to focus on cost-reduction strategies in healthcare legislation.

The influence of public opinion on healthcare policy is underscored by the concept of “agenda-setting,” where the issues that receive the most public attention become priorities for policymakers (McCOMBS & SHAW, 1972). The Gallup poll is a prime example of this, as the heightened public concern will likely elevate healthcare cost reduction on the legislative agenda. By connecting this recent poll to the agenda-setting theory, it becomes evident how public sentiment can direct policy focus and legislative action.

Furthermore, the “public opinion-policy feedback loop” theory suggests that policies can shape public opinion, influencing future policies. (Soroka & Wlezien, 2010). This theory helps explain the dynamic interaction between public perception and policy development. For instance, if new healthcare policies successfully reduce costs, public opinion may shift more favorably towards the effectiveness of current government actions, potentially influencing the direction of future healthcare policies.

In analyzing how the poll reflects public opinion’s impact on healthcare decisions, policymakers must consider these opinions in their legislative efforts, as ignoring them could result in political backlash or reduced public trust. Therefore, incorporating public sentiment into policymaking not only aligns with democratic principles but also enhances the legitimacy and acceptance of healthcare policies.

In conclusion, the relationship between public opinion and healthcare policy is dynamic, with each influencing the other. Recent polls like the one conducted by Gallup provide a snapshot of public priorities, which policymakers cannot afford to ignore if they wish to maintain public trust and effectiveness in addressing key healthcare issues.

Option 2: Comparison of Presidential Campaign Tactics

In the second option, we will analyze the differences and similarities in campaign tactics between the 2008 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections.

• Select one Democratic and one Republican advertisement from each of these elections (totaling four ads)
• Compare their strategies using terms from your readings.

Research and Evidence Gathering

Use resources like The Living Room Candidate, Political Communication Lab, and CNN Politics to retrieve relevant ads and polling data.

Analyzing and Writing Your Response

Comparing Presidential Campaign Tactics

• Examine each advertisement’s content, style, and target audience. 
• Discuss the strategic use of rhetoric and media. 
• Focus on contrasting the approaches between the two election years, citing specific examples and terms from your readings.

Example

The 2008 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections offer a fascinating study of the evolution of campaign tactics, particularly through the lens of advertising. Analyzing one Democratic and one Republican advertisement from each election reveals divergences and continuities in strategy that reflect broader trends in political communication.

In 2008, the Democratic campaign famously utilized social media and digital platforms, a nascent tactic but brilliantly executed tactic that contributed significantly to Obama’s success (Kreiss, 2016). The advertisements from this period emphasized hope and change, targeting a diverse, younger audience energized by these progressive themes. In contrast, the Republican advertisements in 2008 tended to focus on traditional values and experience, aiming at a more conservative base wary of rapid changes.

Fast forward to 2016, and the political advertising landscape has shifted considerably. Trump’s campaign leveraged a more aggressive use of social media, utilizing platforms to bypass traditional media filters and engage directly with voters (Enli, 2015). His ads often used provocative language to stir strong emotional responses, reflecting a shift towards more polarising, populist messaging. On the other hand, Clinton’s advertisements continued the Democratic trend of focusing on inclusivity and progressive values but with increased emphasis on experience and stability, likely in response to Trump’s unconventional approach.

The contrasting approaches between these two election years highlight a significant evolution in campaign tactics. The shift from a primary focus on traditional broadcast advertising in 2008 to the sophisticated use of digital and social media platforms in 2016 illustrates the rapid adaptation of campaign strategies to new technologies. Moreover, the strategic use of rhetoric evolved from inspirational to confrontational, mirroring changes in the political and social climate of the United States (Kephart III, 2024).

These observations underscore the importance of adapting campaign strategies to technological advancements and shifting voter demographics and sentiment. The ability to resonate with the electorate, leveraging the appropriate media and messages, remains central to political campaign success.

Closing

Completing the POLS 210 Week 2 Discussion will enhance your understanding of the dynamic relationship between public opinion, media, and political strategy in shaping U.S. governmental policies and elections. This How-To POLS 210 Guide helps develop your analytical skills and deepens your knowledge of American political mechanisms. Remember, the key to success in this assignment lies in rigorous analysis supported by credible evidence and clear, academic writing.

Precap

Next week, we will discuss how to write a research essay on how the federal government creates healthcare policy. POLS 210 Week 3 Assignment revolves around The Federal System and Healthcare Policy.

References

Enli, G. (2015). Mediated authenticity: How the media constructs reality. (No Title).

Gallup, G. (2024). Healthcare System. Gallup.Com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/4708/Healthcare-System.aspx

Kephart III, J. (2024). Argumentation and Rhetoric. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.

Kreiss, D. (2016). Prototype politics: Technology-intensive campaigning and the data of democracy. Oxford University Press. 

McCombs, M. E., & SHAW, D. L. (1972). THE AGENDA-SETTING FUNCTION OF MASS MEDIA*. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36`(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990

Soroka, S. N., & Wlezien, C. (2010). Degrees of democracy: Politics, public opinion, and policy. Cambridge University Press.

POLS 210 WEEK 3 ESSAY: The Federal System and Healthcare Policy

Instructions of POLS 210 Week 3 Essay

Instructions

The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate knowledge of how the federal system of government works. Examine what the different branches and layers of government do to address a policy using a current issue to illustrate it. It is NOT to give your personal opinions on the issue.

Complete a research essay on how the federal government creates healthcare policy.

The U.S. healthcare system has been a controversial topic for decades. Here are the aspects and questions to address for this essay:

1. Identify a current policy problem for the American healthcare system, and then state a preferred policy solution to it and why it’s preferred (This is your thesis statement).
2. Briefly explain two competing solutions to this problem while addressing the responsibilities of each level of government (federal, state, and local) and the three branches of the federal government (executive, legislative, and judicial).
3. Build the argument for why your chosen solution is preferable, what critics say about the solution, and finally, why the critics are wrong.

REQUIREMENTS:

• 750-word target length (about three pages), not including references listed at the end or footnotes if used.
• Incorporation of concepts and terms from the required readings.
• Inclusion of facts from a recent news article about the topic/solution.
• Correct spelling, grammar, and formatting, whether it’s APA, MLA, or Chicago/Turabian.
• See the essay rubric for further details on grading.

Writing tips:

1) Write concisely! More is not necessarily better if the required points from the rubric are missed.

2) Essays should be written in the third-person perspective. (Avoid using “I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, you, your”).

Recap

In the previous week’s activity, we discussed the following: 

• Influence of public opinion on health care policy
• Comparison of presidential campaign tactics

We chose one of the above, researched resources, and used the resources to write our analysis.

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 3 Essay

The POLS 210 Week 3 Essay: The Federal System and Healthcare Policy focuses on understanding the U.S. federal system’s operation through the lens of healthcare policymaking. It aims to analyze how various government branches and levels collaborate or contrast in addressing healthcare challenges. You must research and present a clear argument, backed by evidence, about a current healthcare policy issue, avoiding personal opinions to maintain an academic perspective.

Identifying the Policy Problem

• Selection of Current Healthcare Issue: Research current issues in the American healthcare system. Look for topics that have significant policy implications and are currently being debated at various government levels.
• Formulation of Thesis Statement: State your chosen policy issue clearly. Present your preferred policy solution and briefly explain why this solution is preferable over others. This will serve as your thesis statement for the essay.

Example

The American healthcare system faces numerous challenges, but perhaps none is more pressing than the issue of healthcare affordability (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). As costs continue to rise, the number of people who can afford necessary care without financial assistance decreases. This policy problem is critical because it affects a significant portion of the population and involves substantial government funding and regulation. The thesis statement of this essay posits that the most effective solution to the problem of healthcare affordability is the expansion of government-subsidized health insurance programs. This solution is preferred because it directly targets the root of the problem—high costs—by making healthcare more accessible and affordable through government intervention.

The justification for focusing on this policy solution over others, such as deregulating the healthcare industry or relying on private health savings accounts, lies in its broad applicability and proven effectiveness in other contexts, such as the expansions seen under the Affordable Care Act (Galvani et al., 2020). By lowering the financial barriers to healthcare, subsidized insurance programs can improve public health outcomes and reduce long-term healthcare costs for the government and private sectors by preventing diseases from progressing to more severe and expensive stages (Berenson & Murray, 2022).

Analysis of Competing Policy Solutions

• Description of Two Competing Solutions: Identify two alternative solutions to your chosen issue. These should be viable options currently discussed in public forums and academic circles or being considered by policymakers.
• Responsibilities at Different Government Levels: Discuss how each proposed solution involves different levels of government—federal, state, and local. Also, elaborate on the roles of the three federal branches—executive, legislative, and judicial—in shaping these solutions.

Example

Two notable competing solutions to the issue of healthcare affordability are the deregulation of the healthcare industry to stimulate competition and reduce prices and the promotion of private health savings accounts to encourage individual savings for medical expenses. Through legislative actions and executive orders, the federal government can influence both solutions, while state and local governments also have roles, particularly in regulation and implementation (López et al., 2021).

The legislative branch can pass laws to either deregulate aspects of healthcare or establish guidelines for health savings accounts. Through the Department of Health and Human Services, the executive administers national health programs and enforces health law. The judicial branch adjudicates disputes arising from these laws, influencing their implementation and reach.

Each level of government has distinct responsibilities (Galvani et al., 2020). Federal oversight ensures national standards and funding; state governments manage the implementation and can tailor approaches to local needs; local governments often directly provide services and enforce state and federal regulations.

Building the Argument for Your Chosen Solution

• Justification of Preferred Solution: Expand on why your chosen solution is the best option. Include evidence from research, potential benefits, feasibility, and alignment with current government priorities or legal frameworks.
• Critique of Opposing Views: Analyze the criticisms of your chosen solution. Discuss common objections mentioned by critics, and counter these by demonstrating flaws in their arguments or presenting supporting data that validates your position.

Example

The expansion of government-subsidized health insurance programs is advocated as the most effective solution to improving healthcare affordability (Crowley et al., 2020). This approach is supported by evidence from multiple studies indicating that increased access to subsidized insurance leads to better health outcomes and reduced healthcare expenditures. Critics of this solution often argue that it could increase government debt or discourage private-sector innovation. However, these arguments are mitigated by evidence showing that preventive care funded through insurance can reduce the need for expensive emergency care and complex interventions, ultimately lowering costs (Crowley et al., 2020).

Furthermore, expanding subsidized programs can stimulate the economy by freeing up individual and family resources for other expenditures besides healthcare. Critics who worry about private sector innovation must consider that government-funded insurance programs can coexist with private innovation, particularly in pharmaceuticals and medical technology, where the U.S. leads globally.

Closing

The Week 3 Essay aims to deepen your understanding of the federal system through a practical case study in healthcare policy. By completing the POLS 210 Week 3 Essay: The Federal System and Healthcare Policy, you should be able to demonstrate critical thinking in evaluating how different government branches and levels address complex policy issues. Remember, the effectiveness of your argument depends not only on the stance you take but also on how well you support it with credible evidence and clear reasoning.

This How-To POLS 201 Guide should assist you in structuring your essay methodically and focusing on analyzing the roles and responsibilities within the U.S. federal system rather than expressing personal views.

Precap

In the upcoming week, we will discuss two topics related to the President, the Congress, and the Economy. We will be provided two topics; we will choose one we understand better and write an essay.

References

Berenson, R. A., & Murray, R. B. (2022). How Price Regulation Is Needed To Advance Market Competition: Study examines the need for price regulation in US health care. Health Affairs, 41(1), 26–34. 

Crowley, R., Daniel, H., Cooney, T. G., Engel, L. S., & Physicians*, H. and P. P. C. of the A. C. of. (2020). Envisioning a better US health care system for all: Coverage and cost of care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(2_Supplement), S7–S32. 

Galvani, A. P., Parpia, A. S., Foster, E. M., Singer, B. H., & Fitzpatrick, M. C. (2020). Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA. The Lancet, 395(10223), 524–533.

LiPuma, S. H., & Robichaud, A. L. (2020). Deliver us from injustice: Reforming the US healthcare system. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 17, 257–270. 

López, F., Molnar, A., Johnson, R., Patterson, A., Ward, L., & Kumashiro, K. (2021). Understanding the attacks on critical race theory. National Education Policy Center

POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy

Instructions for POLS 210 W4

Respond to one of the two following prompts:

Explain how the president and Congress interact to affect the economy. Find a recent news article from the last eight weeks that demonstrates where the president and Congress have cooperated or conflicted over an economic issue. Analyze how the separation of powers disallows either side to unilaterally take control on that issue. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

OR

Presidents play many roles. Using a news article from the last eight weeks, demonstrate which is most important and why. Be sure to apply concepts from the text book and/or weekly content.

Recap

In the previous POLS 210 W3: The Federal System and Healthcare Policy, we explored the US policy problems and crafted an essay focusing on understanding the U.S. federal system’s operation through the lens of healthcare policy making.

This week, we will focus on the President, the Congress, and the Economy.

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 4 Assignment

POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy consists of two parts. We have to select one that fits our understanding better and write an essay. I will be providing the guidelines and sample solutions for both parts. 

Part 1: Interaction of the President and Congress in Economic Policy

This part of the POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy focuses on understanding the dynamic relationship between the President and Congress in shaping economic policy. We are expected to identify a recent instance where this interaction is evident, analyze the role of the separation of powers, and apply theoretical concepts to this real-world example.

Explain how the president and Congress interact to affect the economy. Find a recent news article from the last eight weeks that demonstrates where the president and Congress have cooperated or conflicted over an economic issue. Analyze how the separation of powers disallows either side to take control of that issue unilaterally. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and weekly content.

Finding a Relevant News Article

To start the POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy, we will look into some credible news sources and select an article to analyze and write the essay.

• Search for articles from credible news sources published within the last eight weeks.
• Choose an article that specifically discusses a recent economic issue involving both the President and Congress.

Explaining Interaction Between the President and Congress

• Outline how the President and Congress have either cooperated or conflicted over the economic issue mentioned in the article.
• Provide a summary of the economic issue at hand.

Analysis of Separation of Powers

• Discuss how the separation of powers framework prevents either the President or Congress from unilaterally controlling the economic issue.
• Include examples from the article to illustrate points of cooperation or conflict.

Application of Textbook Concepts

• Integrate relevant concepts from your textbook or weekly content to deepen the analysis.
• Highlight specific theories or principles that explain the interactions observed.

Conclusion for Part 1

• Summarize key insights on the interaction between the President and Congress in economic policymaking. 
• Reflect on the importance of checks and balances in preventing unilateral action.

Example for part 1

In the intricate dance of governance that characterizes the American federal system, the relationship between the President and Congress is pivotal, especially in economic matters. This essay examines a recent interaction over a foreign aid package, as reported by The Epoch Times, highlighting the complexities of their relationship and the checks and balances provided by the separation of powers.

The article “Senate to Take Up House-Passed Foreign Aid Package” describes a scenario where the President and Congress have engaged in both cooperation and conflict (The Epoch Times, 2024). The House of Representatives passed a significant foreign aid package, which then moved to the Senate for approval. This legislative journey underscores the procedural interdependence that characterizes the economic policymaking process. The President, while supportive of the package, relies on Congress to formulate and pass the legislation that will authorize and allocate the necessary funds.

The interaction between the President and Congress in this scenario is a classic example of the American system of checks and balances at work. The President cannot unilaterally decide on foreign aid disbursements; such actions require legislative approval that originates in Congress (The Epoch Times, 2024). This requirement ensures that no single branch of government holds absolute power over national economic decisions, thus preventing autocratic governance and encouraging a more balanced approach to policymaking.

This separation of powers is evident in the article’s depiction of the Senate’s role. After the House passes the aid package, the Senate must also agree to make it law. This two-tiered approval process is crucial because it subjects the President’s economic policies to further scrutiny and consensus-building, reflecting the framers’ intent to foster a government of checks and balances.

The theoretical underpinning of this process can be linked to concepts from American government textbooks, such as the notion of “divided government” and “bipartisan cooperation.” These concepts suggest that effective governance often requires collaboration and compromise between the President and different congressional factions, regardless of their political affiliations. The case of the foreign aid package exemplifies this, as it likely involves negotiations and concessions between different political parties and the President to address national and international economic concerns effectively (The Epoch Times, 2024).

In conclusion, the passage of the foreign aid package, as covered in the article, is a testament to the dynamic and sometimes contentious interaction between the President and Congress in economic policymaking. This interaction, structured by the Constitution’s separation of powers, ensures that significant economic decisions benefit from diverse inputs and rigorous debate, enhancing the democratic fabric of the United States. This case study not only illustrates the practical application of governmental principles but also highlights the ongoing relevance of these foundational checks and balances in contemporary American politics.

Part 2: Analyzing the Roles of the President

This part of the POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy requires us to explore the multifaceted roles of the President, using a recent news article as a reference. The task is to identify which of these roles is most significant in the current political landscape and justify the choice with academic concepts.

Finding a Relevant News Article

• Locate a recent article that highlights various roles played by the President.

• Ensure the article is current, ideally within the last eight weeks, and offers a clear example of the President acting in a specific role.

Identifying Presidential Roles

• From the article, list the roles demonstrated by the President.
• Focus on the role that is featured most prominently in the article.

Evaluating the Most Important Role

• Argue why the identified role is currently the most important.
• Support your argument with examples from the article and the impact of the President’s actions in this role.

Application of Textbook Concepts

• Apply theories and concepts from your textbook or course materials that correlate with the identified role.
• Use these academic resources to strengthen your analysis and provide a theoretical basis for your argument.

Conclusion for Part 2

• Conclude with a reflection on the significance of understanding presidential roles in contemporary politics. 
• Highlight how the chosen role influences both domestic and international spheres.

Example For Part 2

The multifaceted roles of the American President have evolved significantly over time, reflecting the changing needs and expectations of the country. An analysis of the article “Changing Role of American President” from WTTW News provides a compelling look into these transformations, particularly emphasizing the President’s role as a global leader (WTTW News, 2020). This essay argues that among the various roles the President assumes, the role of global leader is currently the most crucial, especially given today’s interconnected global environment.

Historically, the Presidency was envisioned primarily as a limited, domestically focused role. However, as the United States emerged as a global superpower, the presidential role expanded correspondingly. The article illustrates how modern Presidents are often judged on their ability to manage international relations and their effectiveness in global diplomacy and policy. This shift is significant as it influences global economic policies, international alliances, and global peacekeeping efforts, which are critical in today’s geopolitical climate.

The role of the President as a global leader is highlighted by their power to negotiate treaties, their ability to engage with other global leaders directly, and their command over the largest military in the world. These capabilities place the President at a unique juncture to influence global affairs directly (WTTW News, 2020). For instance, decisions made in the Oval Office can affect international trade agreements, which in turn have profound effects on global markets and domestic economies. The President’s ability to respond to international crises, whether they be economic, humanitarian, or military, further underscores the significance of their role on the world stage.

Moreover, by applying concepts from American government textbooks, such as “executive power in foreign policy,” it becomes clear that the president’s role as a global leader is built into the very structure of the office. This role is supported by both constitutional powers, such as the ability to negotiate treaties and command the armed forces, and by legislative powers, through which Congress often gives the President considerable leeway in foreign affairs. The theoretical framework of “soft power” — the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce — is also a critical aspect of the presidential global leadership role (WTTW News, 2020). This concept, which involves influencing others through cultural or ideological means, has become an essential tool for modern Presidents in shaping international opinions and policies.

In conclusion, while the President of the United States assumes multiple roles, the role of global leader is currently the most pivotal. In an era where global dynamics significantly influence national outcomes, the President’s ability to effectively manage these relationships is paramount. The insights from the article reinforce this notion, highlighting how presidential effectiveness in this role can lead to substantial impacts not only on the United States but also on the global stage. Thus, understanding and evaluating the President’s performance in this role is crucial for assessing their overall effectiveness and legacy.

Closing

By following this How-To POLS 210 Guide, you can methodically approach the POLS 210 W4: The President, the Congress, and the Economy and ensure a comprehensive analysis backed by academic resources and current events.

Precap

In the upcoming Week 5, we will explore Current Events of the US government. We will write our Second Essay.

References

The Epoch Times. (2024). Senate Passes $95 Billion Foreign Aid Package, Sending It to Biden. The Epoch Times. https://www.theepochtimes.com/us/senate-to-take-up-house-passed-foreign-aid-package-5634876

WTTW News. (2020). The Changing Role of the American President. WTTW News. https://news.wttw.com/2020/02/17/changing-role-american-president

POLS 210 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT: Current Events and Second Essay

Instructions of POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment

What’s of interest in the political world this week? Also, like the previous essay, here’s a place to ask questions and discuss concerns about the second essay.

Second Essay: The Federal System and National Security Policy

Instructions

The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate knowledge of how the federal system of government works. Examine what the different branches and layers of government do to address a policy using a current issue to illustrate it. It is NOT to give your personal opinions on the issue.

Complete a research essay on how the federal government creates national security policy.

National security is always and issue in the United States. Here are the aspects and questions to address for this essay:

1. Identify a current policy problem for American national security, and then state a preferred policy solution to it and why it’s preferred (This is your thesis statement).
2. Briefly explain two competing solutions to this problem while addressing the responsibilities of each level of government (federal, state, and local) and the three branches of the federal government (executive, legislative, and judicial).
3. Build the argument for why your chosen solution is preferable, what critics say about the solution, and finally why the critics are wrong.

REQUIREMENTS:

• 750 word target length (about three pages), not including references listed at the end or footnotes if used.
• Incorporation of concepts and terms from the required readings.
• Inclusion of facts from a recent news article about the topic/solution.
• Correct spelling, grammar, and formatting, whether it’s APA, MLA, or Chicago/Turabian.
• See the essay rubric for further details on grading.

Writing tips:

1) Write concisely! More is not necessarily better if the required points from the rubric are missed.

2) Essays should be written in the third person perspective. (Avoid using “I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, you, your”).

Step-By-Step Guide POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment: Current Events and Second Essay

Recap

Previously, we discussed The President, the Congress, and the Economy. We used news articles to support our stance. 

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment

POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment: Current Events and Second Essay has two parts. We will discuss how to solve both parts in detail.

Part One

This part of the POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment: Current Events and Second Essay involves staying informed about the latest developments in the political landscape. By examining current news, we can engage more deeply with ongoing political debates and discussions.

I am choosing the News Article by the New York Times to discuss the latest political developments.

Example

The recent news regarding Rudy Giuliani’s bankruptcy filing underscores significant political developments and challenges public figures face in managing personal and public scrutiny (Sullivan, 2024). Giuliani once celebrated as “America’s Mayor” and later as a legal advisor to former President Donald Trump, is facing financial strain, which exemplifies how political careers can fluctuate dramatically. His legal expenditures, partly due to his involvement in contentious political matters, highlight the intertwined nature of personal actions and public roles.

This scenario reflects the broader political climate in the U.S., where political affiliations and actions significantly impact individuals’ careers and financial stability. The article likely touches on the implications of Giuliani’s economic woes for the Republican Party, considering his close ties with former President Trump and his role in various legal challenges associated with the 2020 election controversies. Such developments are pivotal in understanding the current political dynamics, especially as the U.S. approaches another election cycle (Sullivan, 2024).

Giuliani’s situation could serve as a focal point for discussions on the accountability and consequences that political figures face, emphasizing the ongoing debates over the legal and ethical responsibilities of those in the public eye. This case also may influence public opinion, potentially affecting how voters perceive associated political figures and policies.

In summary, Giuliani’s bankruptcy highlights personal downfall. It reflects the broader narrative of political endurance and vulnerability in the U.S., providing a rich context for analyzing current and future political developments.

Part Two

The POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment: Current Events and Second Essay focuses on understanding how the federal system in the U.S. addresses national security policy. We will explore the roles of various government branches and levels in shaping these policies through the lens of a current issue.

Identify a current policy problem for American national security, then state a preferred policy solution and why it is preferred (This is your thesis statement).

Identifying Current Policy Problems

For POLS 210 Essay Two, we will look for a credible source to gather information about security issues impacting the US.

• Research Current Issues: Identify a significant national security issue impacting the United States. Use credible sources to gather information on this topic.
• Formulate a Thesis Statement: State a preferred policy solution to the identified problem and explain why this solution is favorable. This will serve as your thesis for the essay.

Example

In national security, the continuous evolution of threats necessitates adaptive and robust policy responses. This essay examines a significant national security issue confronting the United States—cybersecurity threats, specifically related to infrastructure—and proposes an effective policy solution. It further analyzes competing solutions, delineates governmental responsibilities, and addresses critiques of the proposed policy.

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Critical Infrastructure: A National Security Concern

The United States’ critical infrastructure, including energy grids, water supplies, and telecommunications systems, increasingly faces sophisticated cyber threats. According to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), cyber-attacks on these essential services threaten economic stability and national security (Homeland Security, 2024). The interconnectivity of these systems with the internet and other networks amplifies their vulnerability, making them prime targets for national and international cybercriminals and state actors.

Thesis Statement: Enhancing Public-Private Cybersecurity Partnerships

The preferred policy solution to address the cybersecurity vulnerabilities in U.S. critical infrastructure is the enhancement of public-private partnerships (Homeland Security, 2024). This approach is favorable because it leverages the expertise and resources of both sectors to develop more robust defensive measures and rapid response strategies. This collaborative effort is essential in a landscape where technology and threats evolve faster than traditional governmental policy can adapt.

Briefly explain two competing solutions to this problem while addressing the responsibilities of each level of government (federal, state, and local) and the three branches of the federal government (executive, legislative, and judicial).

Analysis of Competing Solutions

Next, we will analyze the competing solutions to this problem while addressing the responsibilities of the Government.

• Describe Competing Solutions: Outline two alternative solutions to the national security issue. Detail how each solution proposes to address the problem.
• Government Responsibilities: Discuss the role of different government levels—federal, state, and local—in these solutions, as well as the specific functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Example

Analysis of Competing Solutions

Two alternative solutions have been proposed to address this issue: nationalizing cybersecurity defenses for critical infrastructure and mandatory cybersecurity standards enforced by fines and penalties.

• Nationalization of Cybersecurity Defenses: This approach would centralize the cybersecurity defenses under federal authority, aiming for a unified and standardized defense system across all critical infrastructure sectors. While this method may ensure comprehensive coverage and control, it lacks flexibility and may stifle innovation due to bureaucratic delays.

• Mandatory Standards with Penalties: Under this solution, the government would set detailed cybersecurity standards for private companies managing critical infrastructure, enforcing compliance through fines and penalties. Although this could raise the security baseline, it risks significant pushback from the industry due to the potential costs and rigidity of government-imposed standards.

Government Responsibilities

The implementation of enhanced public-private partnerships would involve all levels of government:

Federal: Develop overarching national cybersecurity strategies and facilitate intelligence sharing between government agencies and private entities.

State and Local: Implement and tailor federal guidelines to local circumstances, providing additional support and resources to smaller companies.

Judicial: Uphold laws and regulations supporting cybersecurity initiatives and resolving privacy and data protection disputes.

Build the argument for why your chosen solution is preferable, what critics say about the solution, and finally, why the critics are wrong.

Building the Argument for Preferred Solution

For the last segment of POLS 210 Week 5 Assignment: Current Events and Second Essay, we will build an argument for our chosen solution to be preferable.

• Justify Preferred Solution: Expand on why your solution is the best option. Include benefits, feasibility, and alignment with current government priorities.
• Address Criticisms: Analyze common criticisms of your preferred solution. Provide counterarguments to demonstrate why these criticisms may be misguided or incomplete.

Example

Building the Argument for Preferred Solution

Enhancing public-private partnerships is the most pragmatic approach to improving cybersecurity in critical infrastructure. It allows agility and innovation, adapting to new threats more quickly than centralized governmental programs. This solution also encourages ongoing investment in cybersecurity from the private sector, which might otherwise be disincentivized by rigid regulations or the prospect of penalties.

Critics of this approach argue that it places too much trust in private companies, which may prioritize profit over security. However, these criticisms overlook the regulatory frameworks that can shape these partnerships, ensuring that security and commercial interests align with national security priorities.

Key Takeaways

For the last paragraph of the Week 5 Essay, we will conclude our essay by summarizing all the key points.

• Conclude by summarizing the main points of your essay. 
• Highlight how your analysis supports the preferred national security policy solution and reflect on the importance of understanding the federal system’s role in addressing such critical issues.

Example

Key Takeaways

In conclusion, enhancing public-private partnerships is the most effective policy solution to cybersecurity threats to the United States’ critical infrastructure. This strategy promotes a collaborative approach that is both flexible and innovative, essential for keeping pace with the rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape. The analysis underscores the importance of a federal system capable of integrating diverse resources and expertise from various governmental levels and the private sector. This holistic approach fortifies national security and supports the resilience of the nation’s critical infrastructure against future threats.

Closing

Following this How-To POLS 210 Guide, you can effectively engage with current political topics and deeply analyze how the U.S. federal system manages national security policy. This approach enhances your understanding and prepares you to evaluate and discuss complex governmental functions critically.

Precap

The upcoming week’s discussion will explore the Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security. We will choose one topic that fits our understanding and write a detailed discussion post.

POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion: The Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security

Instructions for POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion

Respond to one of the two following prompts:

National security responsibilities fall across many entities in the federal government. The federal courts are often consulted to evaluate how far the federal government can go to keep Americans safe. Find a news article from the last eight weeks that demonstrates judicial power over the actions of the federal bureaucracy (FBI, NSA, CIA, ICE, or other agencies or bureaus). Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

OR

The federal bureaucracy is sometimes referred to as the “fourth branch” of the government because it wields significant power. Using a news article from the last eight weeks that demonstrates this power, evaluate the bureaucracy as a coequal branch of the federal government. Why or why isn’t it a “fourth branch”? Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

Recap

In the previous week’s assignment, we first discussed the current events in US politics and also composed Essay Two.

 Introduction to POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion

This How-To POLS 210 Guide is designed to help you tackle two critical aspects of American government: the role of national security within the federal government and the significant influence of the federal bureaucracy. By analyzing current news articles and applying academic concepts, you will gain a deeper understanding of the judicial oversight of national security agencies and the debated status of the federal bureaucracy as a potential “fourth branch” of government.

National security responsibilities fall across many entities in the federal government. The federal courts are often consulted to evaluate how far the federal government can go to keep Americans safe. Find a news article from the last eight weeks demonstrating judicial power over the actions of the federal bureaucracy (FBI, NSA, CIA, ICE, or other agencies or bureaus). Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and weekly content.

Part One: National Security Responsibilities

In this part of the POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion: The Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security, we will explore the National Security Responsibilities.

Finding a Relevant News Article

• Research and Select: Use reputable news sources to find an article published within the last eight weeks. Focus on those that discuss the involvement of federal courts with national security agencies like the FBI, NSA, CIA, or ICE.
• Criteria for Selection: Ensure the article provides detailed examples of judicial interactions with these agencies, ideally involving recent court decisions or ongoing legal debates.

Analyzing Judicial Power Over Federal Bureaucracy

• Identify Key Points: Highlight instances where the judicial system has influenced or checked the power of national security agencies.
• Analyze the Impact: Discuss the implications of these judicial rulings or opinions on the actions and policies of the agencies involved.

Applying Textbook Concepts

• Link to Course Material: Compare the real-world scenario in your article with concepts from your textbooks or class content, such as checks and balances, judicial review, and the judiciary’s role in national security.
• Critical Analysis: Reflect on how well the textbook theories hold up against the practical examples you found in the news.

Example

In exploring the national security responsibilities of the federal government, I found a compelling article from The New York Times (2024) discussing a recent Supreme Court decision that impacts the National Security Agency (NSA). The case in question revolved around the extent of surveillance powers of the NSA, specifically its authority to collect bulk telephone records without obtaining a warrant. This decision is a crucial example of the judiciary’s role in checking the powers of a significant national security entity.

The Supreme Court, in a landmark ruling, emphasized the importance of maintaining a balance between national security and individual privacy rights (Savage, 2024). The court declared that such bulk-collection practices by the NSA violated the Fourth Amendment, which protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. This decision underscores the judiciary’s crucial oversight role in preventing the potential overreach of national security agencies.

Analyzing this ruling, it’s evident that the judicial system plays a pivotal role in defining what is permissible for national security agencies under U.S. law. The implications of this decision are profound as it not only curtails the NSA’s surveillance capabilities but also sets a significant precedent for future privacy and security cases.

Applying concepts from my textbook, this scenario perfectly illustrates the system of checks and balances that is foundational to U.S. governance. The textbook highlights that while each branch of government has its powers, these powers are limited by the ability of the other branches to check them. Judicial review, a key concept discussed in our course, allows the courts to interpret the Constitution and limit the executive branch’s powers under which the NSA operates. This case is a textbook example of judicial review in action, as the Supreme Court used its authority to protect constitutional rights against executive overreach.

Reflecting on the textbook theories in light of this real-world scenario, it becomes clear that the practical application of these theories is relevant and essential for maintaining the balance of power within the government. The judiciary’s intervention in the actions of the NSA demonstrates the effectiveness of judicial review as a check on the executive branch’s powers, aligning closely with the theoretical frameworks discussed in our studies. This case serves as a critical reminder of the judiciary’s indispensable role in safeguarding democratic values and constitutional rights against the expansive powers of national security agencies.

The federal bureaucracy is sometimes called the “fourth branch” of the government because it wields significant power. Using a news article from the last eight weeks demonstrating this power, evaluate the bureaucracy as a co-equal branch of the federal government. Why or why isn’t it a “fourth branch”?

Part Two: The Federal Bureaucracy as a “Fourth Branch”

In this part of POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion: The Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security, we will explore the Federal Bureaucracy and the Fourth Branch.

I am choosing Federal agency powers in the crosshairs at the US Supreme Court for this part. (Chung & Kruzel, 2023).

Selecting a News Article

• Research and Select: Find a recent news article showcasing the federal bureaucracy’s power. Consider pieces that discuss regulatory decisions, policy implementations, or significant administrative actions.
• Criteria for Selection: The article should provide a clear example of bureaucratic power that can be analyzed for its scope and impact.

Evaluating the Bureaucracy’s Power

• Outline the Bureaucracy’s Actions: Describe the actions taken by the bureaucracy as detailed in the article.
• Evaluate the Influence: Assess whether these actions represent a power level comparable to the legislative, executive, or judicial branches.

Discussion on Bureaucracy as a Co-equal Branch

• Form an Argument: Based on your article and analysis, argue for or against the bureaucracy as a “fourth branch” of government.
• Support with Evidence: Use details from the article and textbook theories about government structure and power distribution as evidence for your argument.

Application of Theoretical Concepts

• Theoretical Integration: Apply concepts from your coursework to enhance your argument, linking practical examples with academic theory about the role and power of bureaucracy.

Example

In the article “Federal agency powers in the crosshairs at the US Supreme Court” by Chung & Kruzel (2023), we see a vivid demonstration of the significant influence wielded by federal agencies, specifically focusing on recent Supreme Court cases that question the extent of this power. This scrutiny by the highest court highlights the ongoing debate about whether the federal bureaucracy acts as a “fourth branch” of government.

The article discusses several cases where the Supreme Court is set to rule on the scope of regulatory powers held by federal agencies. These cases involve crucial policy areas such as environmental regulations and public health. The agencies in question, like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Health and Human Services, have enacted policies that significantly impact the public and the economy. The central issue is the doctrine of “Chevron deference,” which allows agencies to interpret ambiguous statutes, a power traditionally held by the judicial branch.

Evaluating the bureaucracy’s actions as described in the article, it becomes apparent that these agencies possess a level of influence that can be compared to legislative or executive powers. They create and enforce regulations that have wide-ranging effects, often without direct legislative approval (Chung & Kruzel, 2023). This capability to shape essential aspects of public policy and law places the bureaucracy in a position of substantial authority.

However, considering the bureaucracy as a co-equal branch poses challenges. The concept of checks and balances is fundamental to the American political system, designed to prevent any single branch from gaining too much power. While federal agencies exert significant influence, they are ultimately part of the executive branch, overseen by the president, and subject to judicial review. This hierarchical oversight suggests they do not completely stand as an independent branch.

The theoretical framework from our government structure coursework helps us understand this complex relationship. The theory of separation of powers is clear: an independent branch must have distinct, autonomous powers that are not significantly checked by other branches. Although federal agencies have considerable autonomy in their specific domains, their ultimate accountability to the executive branch and the judicial oversight exemplified in the Supreme Court cases indicate that they do not fully meet the criteria of a co-equal branch.

In conclusion, while the federal bureaucracy wields significant power that at times parallels the other branches of government, it does not operate with the complete independence that characterizes the legislative, executive, or judicial branches. Thus, it should not be considered a “fourth branch” but a powerful entity within the executive, shaped by legislative intent and judicial interpretation.

Closing

By completing the POLS 210 Week 6 Discussion: The Federal Bureaucracy Courts, and National Security: The Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security, you will understand the roles and limits of judicial power in overseeing national security and critically assess the expansive influence of the federal bureaucracy. This How-To Owlisdom Guide encourages applying theoretical knowledge to current events, fostering a practical understanding of American government dynamics.

Precap

In the upcoming week’s assignment, we will present our policy solution to Congress. We will make a PowerPoint presentation.

References

Chung, A., & Kruzel, J. (2023, July 5). Federal agency powers are in the crosshairs at the US Supreme Court. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/legal/federal-agency-powers-crosshairs-us-supreme-court-2023-07-04/

Savage, C. (2024, April 30). N.S.A. Disclosure of U.S. Identities in Surveillance Reports Nearly Tripled in 2023. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/30/us/politics/nsa-warrantless-surveillance-americans.html

POLS 210 WEEK 7 Assignment: Government in Action

Instructions for POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment

Our research has looked at healthcare, the economy, and national security. What’s an important issue that we’ve missed, and what is the government doing to address it?

PowerPoint Presentation

Instructions

This is the last piece of your class project. Imagine you’re presenting your policy solution to Congress. Make it interesting and informative. 

Take your research from the essays and present it in a multimedia presentation using PowerPoint. Here’s a link to instructions on using PowerPoint if you’re new to it. APUS provide access to Office 365. Even if you don’t want to use Microsoft Office, Open Office can also be used to create PowerPoint presentations. Alternative formats are acceptable too if available to you, such as Prezio or Knovio with free versions or free trials.

There is no need to purchase additional software to complete the assignment.

REQUIREMENTS

• A title slide and reference slide.
• Each topic will have a four-slide minimum to explain the problem, illustrate the competing solutions, and explain why one is better.
• At least one use of animation and one sound should be used within the final product.
• Be sure graphics are readable.

For detailed grading criteria, read through the presentation rubric.

After submitting the presentation, please also upload it to the Week 8 ungraded forum to show it off and comment on the work of your classmates. (Optional).

Recap

Previously, we discussed the Federal Bureaucracy, Courts, and National Security. We were given two topics related to this domain and had to choose one to write our discussion post. 

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment

In the POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment: Government in Action, you will explore an important issue that affects American society, which has not been extensively covered in our previous discussions on healthcare, the economy, and national security. Your task is identifying this issue, research current governmental actions that address it, and develop a policy solution. The final deliverable will be a PowerPoint presentation to present this solution to Congress, making it both engaging and informative. This How-To POLS 210 Guide will provide you with step-by-step instructions on how to complete each component of the assignment successfully.

Selecting an Important Issue

To initiate the POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment: Government in Action, we will select a critical issue faced by the American Government.

• Consider current events and areas affecting Americans that haven’t been discussed in class.
• Consider topics like education reform, environmental issues, or immigration policies.
• Choose an issue that you are passionate about and which has a significant impact on society.

Researching Government Actions

Next, we will look into some credible sources to gather data.

• Use credible sources such as government websites, reputable news outlets, and academic journals to gather information on what the government is currently doing about your chosen issue.
• Document all sources accurately to use in your reference slide later.

Developing the Policy Solution 

For this section of the POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment: Government in Action, we will analyse the data and information that we collected.

• Analyse the information gathered and think critically about gaps in current policies.
• Propose a clear, realistic solution that addresses these gaps.
• Ensure your solution is detailed and justified with evidence from your research.

Creating the PowerPoint Presentation

To create the PowerPoint Presentation, we will consider the following points:

• Title Slide: Include your presentation’s title, name, and date.
• Problem Explanation Slides: Use at least four slides to describe the issue thoroughly. Include key facts and figures to illustrate the importance and impact of the issue.
• Competing Solutions Slides: Present at least two existing solutions. Discuss their pros and cons.
• Preferred Solution Explanation Slides: Detail why your proposed solution is superior. Support your argument with data and expert opinions.

Add at least one relevant animation and sound clip to enhance your presentation and engage your audience.

• Ensure all text is large enough to be easily readable. Use high-contrast colours for text and background. Avoid cluttering slides with too much information.
• List all sources used in APA format. Ensure this slide is well-organized to allow easy verification of sources.

Closing

The POLS 210 Week 7 Assignment: Government in Action enhances your understanding of an important social issue and develops your ability to analyse governmental policies and propose informed solutions. By following this How-To Owlisdom Guide, you will be able to sharpen critical skills necessary for civic engagement and academic success in the field of American Government. Remember, clarity and persuasiveness in your presentation will be essential to effectively communicate your ideas to an audience like Congress.

Presentation Example

Speaker’s Notes

Slide 1: Title Slide

Welcome everyone to this presentation. Today, we’ll discuss an urgent policy proposal regarding climate change aimed at informing and persuading the U.S. Congress.

This presentation covers the need for a comprehensive approach to tackle climate change effectively.

Slide 2: Introduction to the Assignment

Our focus today is on climate change, a significant issue beyond the typical discussions of healthcare, the economy, and national security.

We aim to present a policy solution that addresses the problem and engages Congress meaningfully.

The final output we’re discussing today is this PowerPoint presentation.

Slide 3: Selection of the Issue – Climate Change

We chose climate change because it’s a growing concern affecting all American life and global interactions.

According to Pew Research, a broad population segment sees it as a significant problem.

Our goal is to highlight why this issue needs urgent congressional attention.

Slide 4: Government’s Current Actions on Climate Change

The government has already taken several steps, such as investing in renewable resources and regulating emissions.

However, there’s a consensus that current actions are insufficient to meet climate goals.

Today, I will outline what more needs to be done and propose actionable solutions.

Slide 5: Identifying Policy Gaps

Our research indicates significant gaps in the current climate policies, including a lack of a unified national strategy and inadequate public awareness programs.

These gaps hinder effective action against climate change.

I’ll discuss how our policy proposal addresses these shortcomings.

Slide 6: Proposed Policy Solution Overview

Our policy proposal includes direct regulation and market incentives to provide a comprehensive solution.

It aims to be sustainable and adaptable, considering future technological advancements and economic shifts.

The solution focuses on national and international cooperation to ensure a global impact.

Slide 7: Problem Explanation – Why It Matters

Climate change leads to frequent natural disasters, health risks, and economic costs.

It’s essential to convey the severity of these impacts to understand the urgency of our proposed policies.

Effective communication here is critical to gaining support for the proposed measures.

Slide 8: Competing Solutions – Overview

We compare our proposed solution with existing ones like cap, trade, and carbon taxes.

By discussing the pros and cons of these approaches, we highlight the strengths of our proposal.

Understanding these alternatives will help clarify why our approach is preferable.

Slide 9: Why Our Solution is Better

Our policy proposal outperforms others by addressing immediate and long-term climate challenges comprehensively.

It integrates well with current economic and political landscapes, making it feasible and practical.

Today, I will justify why this solution holds more promise than others.

Slide 10: Reference Slide

You can find all the sources we used to compile the data and proposals in this presentation.

Acknowledging these sources for their valuable information has shaped our policy proposal is essential.

References

EIA. (2024). Homepage—U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/index.php

Harvard Business Review. (2024). Harvard Business Review—Ideas and Advice for Leaders. https://hbr.org/

Nadeem, R. (2019, December 17). 1. Views of the major problems facing the country. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/12/17/views-of-the-major-problems-facing-the-country/

The Council on Foreign Relations. (2024). Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org

UNEP, U. N. (2024). UNEP – UN Environment Programme. UNEP – UN Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/node

POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion: Interest Groups

Instructions for POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion

Select an issue that’s important in America today, and choose an interest group that has taken on that issue. What tactics and methods do they use to influence policy?

Make sure to include a news article from the last eight weeks of this group in action. Do not get sidetracked in discussions about the issue they support. Stay focused on their tactics and methods. Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

Discussion Guidelines

Optional: After you’ve submitted your presentation to the Assignments section for a grade, please post your PowerPoint presentation here to share with the class. Be ready to ask and field any questions.

This is not your graded discussion for the week. You will receive a score of zero if the question on interest groups is skipped.

Recap

Previously, we explored Government in Action by supposing that we would present our policy solution to Congress. We prepared a PowerPoint presentation. 

Introduction to POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion

This How-To POLS 210 Guide is designed to assist students in exploring the dynamic role of interest groups in the American Government. By selecting a current issue and the corresponding interest group, students will analyse the specific tactics and methods used to influence policy, ensuring a focused study that integrates classroom learning with real-world examples.

Select an issue that’s important in America today, and choose an interest group that has taken on that issue. What tactics and methods do they use to influence policy?

Selecting an Issue and Interest Group

To start the POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion: Interest Groups, we will select a current issue in the US and discuss it with an interest group.

• Choose a contemporary issue that is actively discussed in American politics. Consider its relevance and impact on society.
• Suggestions: climate change, gun control, healthcare reform, immigration.
• Identify an interest group that is actively engaged with your chosen issue. Research their mission and history to ensure they are a significant player.

Example

In this week’s discussion, I have chosen to delve into the pressing issue of climate change. This topic not only garners widespread national attention but also provokes significant international concern. The interest group I am focusing on is the Sierra Club, one of the most enduring and influential environmental organisations in the United States (US Department of State, 2024).

Make sure to include a news article from the last eight weeks of this group in action. Do not get sidetracked in discussions about the issue they support. 

Analysis of Tactics and Methods

Next, we will explore the tactics and methods.

• List the different tactics used by the interest group, such as lobbying, public campaigning, or legal action.
• Focus on how these tactics are designed to influence policymakers or public opinion.
• Delve deeper into each tactic to understand the methods the group uses, like grassroots mobilization, media campaigns, or coalition building.

Example

Founded in 1892, the Sierra Club has a long history of advocating for environmental protection and sustainability (Clay, 2024). The group’s primary mission is to promote the responsible use of the Earth’s ecosystems and resources, educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment, and use all lawful means to carry out these objectives.

The Sierra Club employs a variety of tactics to influence policy and public opinion on climate change. These include lobbying efforts, public campaigning, and legal action against entities that threaten environmental preservation. The group is particularly known for its grassroots mobilisation tactics, which involve organising local and national campaigns that encourage public participation in environmental advocacy.

Stay focused on their tactics and methods.

Researching Recent Actions

For this section of the POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion: Interest Groups, we will research recent actions in the US.

• Find a news article from the last eight weeks showcasing the interest group in action. Use reputable news sources to ensure accuracy.
• Tools like Google News or library databases can be helpful.
• Examine how the interest group’s tactics are portrayed in the article. Note any successful outcomes or challenges faced.

Example

One of the Sierra Club’s recent actions, highlighted in a news article from last month, involved their participation in a nationwide protest against new oil and gas drilling projects. This action aimed to push for more aggressive policies on renewable energy adoption. The article detailed how Sierra Club members, alongside other environmentalists, gathered in large numbers, employing banners and speeches to draw public and media attention to the issue (Clay, 2024).

The effectiveness of such tactics can be analysed through the lens of political influence theories, particularly the concept of “issue framing” found in our textbook. By framing climate change as an immediate and escalating threat that requires urgent action, the Sierra Club influences how the public and policymakers perceive the issue, potentially swaying policy decisions towards more sustainable and eco-friendly solutions.

Be sure to apply concepts from the textbook and/or weekly content.

Applying Concepts

Lastly, we will apply the concepts we learned.

• Relate your findings to specific concepts from the textbook. This might include theories of political influence, models of policy change, or studies of lobbying effectiveness.
• Incorporate relevant discussions, case studies, or examples from your weekly class content to enrich your analysis.

Example

Moreover, their efforts in coalition building, especially with other environmental and scientific communities, exemplify the tactic of “networking for influence,” another key concept discussed in recent lectures. This method enhances their lobbying efforts, providing a stronger, unified voice in policy discussions.

In conclusion, the Sierra Club’s strategic use of diverse tactics, including legal challenges, public demonstrations, and coalition building, not only keeps climate change in the public eye but also pressures policymakers to prioritise environmental sustainability (US Department of State, 2024). By applying the concepts of issue framing and networking from our studies, it becomes clear how these methods serve as effective tools in political advocacy and policy influence.

Closing

In the POLS 210 Week 8 Discussion: Interest Groups, we will gain a deeper understanding of how interest groups operate within the American political landscape. By focusing on current issues and tactics, students will apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios, enhancing their ability to analyze and understand the mechanics of policy influence critically. This How-To Owlisdom Guide provides a structured approach to exploring these dynamics, fostering a practical and informed perspective on political advocacy.

References

Bredenfeld, L., Cherubim, M., Kellermann, A. C., Lehmann, C., Malberg, S., Rafn, J., Kwon, Y., & Choi, S. (2020). Tesla Moving Forward. 신산업경영저널, 38(1), 47–70. 

Clay, D. (2024). The Sierra Club: Environmental Activism and US Empire, 1892–1900. USAbroad–Journal of American History and Politics, 7, 1–13. 

US Department of State. (2024). Climate and Environment. United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/policy-issues/climate-and-environment/